Europian History

AP European History Definitions for Quarter 4 Terms Chapter 26 Dr. David Livingston: first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa H. M. Stanley: found Livingston (thought dead) and his newspaper reports spurred interest in Africa “White Man’s Burden” : The idea that the “civilized” Europeans had an obligation to uplift and civilize “backward” peoples. Came from a poem by Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling: author of the phrase, “White Man’s Burden” Belgian Congo: Stanley was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to claim tribal lands in Africa for the king. For a time, this was Leopold’s personal playground although Belgian soldiers were used to subjugate the natives Leopold II: Kng of Belgium who hired Stanley to acquire territory in Africa for the King Berlin Conference (1884): Hosted by Bismarck and Ferry to determine the rules of colonization in the Old World. Resulted in the Scramble for Africa Battle of Omdurman: (1898) General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesmen and killed 11,000 with machine guns. Fashoda Incident: Almost brought the British and French to war over the Sudan Cecil Rhodes: Prime Minister of the Cape Colony who came up with the Cape to Cairo Dream Boer Wars: between the British and the descendants of early Eutch settlers in South Africa Kruger Telegram: sent by Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulating the Boers for repelling a British attack without help from Germany Opium Wars: between the British and the Chinese. The first one ended with the Treaty of Nanking which awarded Hong Kong to the Brits Treaty of Nanking: ended the first Opium war and awarded Hong Kong to the Brits Sino-Japanese War: 1894-95 Japan took Formosa from China and insisted on Korea’s independence British East India Company: was given authority over India after the Seven Years’ War and was forced to deal with the Sepoy Mutiny Sepoy Mutiny: 1857-1858 Insurrection of Hindu and Muslim soldiers in British army spread to Northern and Central India. Short-term cause: British use of animal fat to grease rifle cartridges Indian National Congress: founded by educated Indians in 1885 who demanded independence and self-government Indochina: French sphere of influence b y the 1880s and includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos Boxer Rebellion: 1901 Members of a secret Chinese organization committed to driving foreigners and their influence out of China Russo-Japanese War: 1904-05 settled by the Treaty of Portsmouth and awarded the Japanese Korea and the Russian sphere of influence in Manchuria Chapter 27 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy prior to WWI Anglo-Japanese Alliance: between Britain and Japan. The Brits were concerned about Russia’s possible future ambitions in India Triple Entente: England, France and Russia prior to WWI Russia-German Reinsurgence Treaty: an agreement by each (1880’s-90’s) to remain neutral in the event that the other went to war Dreadnaught: a super warship with awesome firing range Lay Down Your Arms by Suttner. An effort to inspire pacifism in the face of the arms race prior to WWI. Suttner was the forst woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize Kruger Telegram: Kaiser Wilhelm II sent this to the Boers in Africa congratulating them for repelling a British attack without German help Algeciras Conference: Teddy Roosevelt mediated an end to a conflict between Germany and France in Morocco Pan-Slavism: an effort by Russia to unite all of the Slavic people in the Balkan Peninsula under Russian leadership Young Turks: hoped to reform the Ottoman Empire and make it a modern state 1st Balkan Crisis/War: Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece combined to drive the Ottomans out of the Balkan Peninsula Second Balkan War: Bulgaria believed it had been cheated out of territory after the first Balkan War and went to war with Serbia Archduke Ferdinand: his assassination by Gavrilo Princip sparked WWI Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy Allies: England, France, Russia (later the U.S.) Western Front: was established at the very beginning of the war with the failure of the Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan: Gemany’s Plan at the beginning of WWI to march through Belgium and circle around Paris and then double-back to Russia before it could mobilize Battle of the Marne (1914) After Germany came within sight of Paris, French and British forces pushed the Germans back establishing the Western Front until the end of the war Battle of Verdun: 1916 French General Petain a national hero as a result Battle of the Somme: 1916 British and French offensive broke through the German lines All Quiet on the Western Front: Erich Remarque (1929) Film depicting the horrors of trench warfare General Hindenburg: with Ludendorf defeated the Russians at Tannenburg General Ludendorf: see above T.E. Lawrence: (Lawrence of Arabia) a British officer who gained the support of Arab tribes against the Ottoman Turks Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia agreed to give up much territory to the Germans in order to drop out of the war U-boats: German submarines considered to be uncivilized warfare Lusitania: British luxury passenger liner sunk by a u-boat Archangel Expedition: Allied soldiers sent to interfere in the Russian Revolution ostensively to prevent war materials from falling into the hands of the Germans. Some ended up fighting with the Mensheviks against the Bolsheviks Clemenceau: Led France during WWI Zimmerman Telegram: sent from Zimmerman, a Geman Minister, to Mexico offering Mexico the lost lands to the North if Mexico would go to war with the U.S. in the event that the U.S. tried to enter WWI Balfour Note: The British promised to help establish an independent Jewish state in the Holy Land in exchange for support during WWI Woodrow Wilson: President of the U.S. who brought the U.S. into WWI. Was also the author of the 14 Points The Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for peace Paris Peace Conference: where the big winners of WWI hammered out the Treaty of Versailles Big Four: England (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), Italy (Orlando), the U.S. (Wilson) Versailles Treaty: Ended WWI. Included League of Nations, Article 231, Reparations, and led to WWII Article 231: Part of the Treaty of Versailles which said that Germany accepte4d full responsibility for the war League of Nations: Wilson’s 14th Point. Where nations could meet as equals to talk out their differences rather than resorting to war. The U.S., the Soviet Union, and Germany did not belong John Maynard Keynes: wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919 predicting that Germany’s harsh terms would lead to a poor European economy then to political upheaval Easter Rebellion 1916: Caused by the Irish who did not want to wait until after the war for Irish Home Rule Tsar Alexander I: author of the Holy Alliance after the defeat of Napoleon Holy Alliance: Alexander I of Russia wanted the great powers to promise to treat each other with Christian principles in mind. The Pope, England, and the Ottomans did not sign and very few took the Holy Alliance seriously Decembrist Uprising: The first example of the upper class challenging the Czar’s authority. Young military officers who wanted a constitutional monarchy tried to prevent Nicholas I from taking power Nicholas I: crushed the Decembrist Uprising, issued the Organic Statute, and embroiled Russia in the Crimean War Slavophiles: believed in the genius of the Russian Mir Alexander II took Russia out of the Crimean War by accepting The Four Points, freed the serfs with the Emancipation Act of 1861, and tried to industrialize Russia Mirs: Russia’s rural agricultural communities where land was held in common Zemstoves: an unsuccessful effort by Alexander II to offer more democratic local government Bakunin: one of the most famous of the Russian anarchists Alexander III: built the trans-Siberian railroad and had some success industrializing Russia Treaty of Portsmouth: negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt. Ended the Russo-Japanese War. Awarded Korea and Russia’s sphere of influence in Manchuria to the Japanese Revolution of 1905: Began with Bloody Sunday in which peasants and workers marched on the Winter Palace to ask the Czar for reforms. Guards fired on the crowd and then a general strike brought Russia to a standstill causing Nicholas II to negotiate with the malcontents October Manifests: created the Duma and guaranteed freedom of speech and religion in Russia Duma: a Russian assembly with advisory powers created by the October manifesto Peter Stolypin: was assassinated by Russian nobles who resented his liberal efforts to break down the mirs and to reward and give assistance to enterprising peasants (kulaks) Vladimir Lenin: led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution and created the Worker Soviets. He was the heir to Marxist philosophy and the first leader of the Soviet Union Mensheviks: the white Russians who wanted to delay the Russian Revolution until after the evolution of capitalism Bolsheviks: the red Russians who believed that a successful socialist revolution could occur even in a “backward” country like Russia Leon Trotsky: led the Red Army and was one of Lenin’s closest associates February Revolution: resulted in the abdication of the Czar and his and his family’s arrest. The government was led by Kerensky and was a combination of former Duma leaders and the Petrograd Soviet Rasputin: a mystic who had undo influence over the last of the Romanovs Kerensky: was Russia’s leader directly after the abdication of the Czar but was ousted by Lenin as a result of the October Revolution Petrograd Soviet: were responsible for ousting the Czar and served as part of the provisional government prior to Lenin’s takeover Kornilov Affair: 1917 Conservatives threatened to overthrow the Kerensky government October Revolution: Lenin and the Bolsheviks forced Kerensky out of power Politburo: Was formed to organize the Bolshevik revolution. Led by Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin Red Army: (Bolshevik) was led by Trotsky Cheka: the Bolshevik secret police Communist Party: a new name acquired by the Bolsheviks Reds/Whites: Bolsheviks/ Mensheviks (often with many other groups) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic: (1922) The world’s first communist country Chapter 28 Friedrich Nietzsche: important critic of the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Wrote Will to Power and Thus Spake Zarathustra. Said, “God is Dead.” Henri Bergson: In the 1890’s he had convinced many young people that immediate experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality Georges Sorel: gave us Syndicalism: a manifestation of anarchism Syndicalism: Syndicalism: a manifestation of anarchism. It foreshadowed the Bolshevik Revolution and the control of an elite few in Russia Sigmund Freud: Father of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychology emphasized the greedy, irrational nature of humans Paul Valery: Poet. Spoke of the “cruelly injured mind” besieged by doubts & suffering from anxieties due to economic, political, social disruptions of the 1920’s Ludwig Wittgenstein: Part of the “Vienna Circle” of the 1920’s and 30’s Developed Logical Empiricism (logical positivism): Philosophy is the only logical clarification of thought Logical Empiricism: See above. Abstract concepts: God, freedom, morality, etc. are senseless since they cannot be tested by scientific experiment or demonstrated by the logic of mathematics. Only experience is worth analyzing Oswald Spengler: 1880-1936 The Decline of the West Every culture experiences a life cycle of growth and decline Western civilization is in old age Rise of the Eastern races T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land Depicted a world of growing desolation Considered the most famous long poem of the 20th century Erich Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front Novel detailing the horrors of trench warfare during WWI Franz Kafka: Portrayed helpless individuals destroyed by inexplicably hostile and surreal forces. The Trial, The Castle, The Metamorphosis Existentialism: life is absurd with no inherent meaning John-Paul Sartre: Wrote that life had no meaning and that humans simply exist Albert Camus: said that people have to find meaning by taking action against that with which they disagree George Orwell: 1984 The concept of “Big Brother” and his totalitarian state Used a new kind of language, sophisticated technology and psychological terror to strip a weak individual of the last shred of human dignity Max Planck: Gave us the basis for quantum physics Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity Nothing is absolute except the speed of light Ernest Rutherford: split the atom Werner Heisenberg: Gave us The Principle of Uncertainty also The Heisenberg Principle: The dynamics of an experiment alters the state of the subject Bauhaus Movement: A break with traditional architecture; clean, light, airy, elegant Walter Gropius: a member of the Bauhaus Movement. Designed the Fagus Shoe Factory Pablo Picasso: Father of Cubism. Painted Guernica Wassily Kandinsky: Known for non-representational art Dadaism: art that mirrored the belief that the world did not make sense. Nonsensical like Mona Lisa with a moustache by Marcel Duchamp Surrealism: influenced by Freud. Psychological, nightmarish Salvador Dali: Surrealist. Painted Persistence of Memory Igor Stravinsky: Most important composer of the 20th century Rite of Spring Arnold Schonberg: pioneered 12-tone technique Weimar Republic: the government established in Germany immediately following WWI SPD: The Democratic Socialist Party in Germany. Was the largest political faction in Germany in 1914 Spartacists: a group of communists led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht took control of Berlin for 1 week in Jan. 1919 Freikorps: paramilitary groups in Germany supporting the Weimar Republic Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI. Included reparation payments, Article 231, and redrew the map of Europe Article 231: Part of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was forced to accept the entire responsibility for WWI John Maynard Keynes: wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace Diktat: “Stab in the Back” Most Germans believed that the Weimar Republic made a big mistake signing the Treaty of Versailles in light of Article 231 Ruhr Crisis: 1923 Germany could not keep up with its reparations payments and the French occupied the Ruhr Valley Raymond Poincare: The leader of France who ordered the above Locarno Pact: 1925 Germany and other European nations agreed to settle disputes peacefully Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 62 nations outlawed war except in self-defense (but no enforcement) The U.S. was also a signatory nation Representation of the People Act (1928): English Parliament lowered the voting age for women to 21 General Strike 1926: England: workers supported miners who feared a dramatic drop in their wages…failed Labour Party: took power for 9 months in 1924. Led by Ramsey McDonald Replaced the Liberal party as main opponent to conservatives (England) Irish Question: What to do about Northern Ireland? October 1921 Irish Free State created. Ulster withdrew Stock Market Crash 1929: U.S. stock market crash triggered depression in U.S. and it spread world-wide Great Depression: Production decline in every country except Russia (command economy there) New Deal: FDR’s program designed to combat the depression in the U.S. Keynesian Economics: prop up economy through public works programs and subsidies Popular Front: (coalition of republicans, socialists, communists and radicals against the threat of fascism. Popular Front led by Leon Blum (France) Chapter 29 Totalitarianism: a government in which the individual is totally subordinate to the state Fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. Communism: a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. Lenin: the first leader of the Soviet Union Comintern: 1919 was created (aka The Third International) to serve as the first step of the International movement: Workers of the world Unite! War Communism: the concept of total war as applied to the Russian Revolution Cheka: The Bolshevik secret police Kronstadt Rebellion: Mutiny by previously pro-Bolshevik sailors at the Kronstadt naval base (1921) NEP: Lenin’s New Economic Policy tried to eliminate some of the harsher aspects of War Communism involving a “necessary step backward” USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Joseph Stalin: Leader of the USSR after Lenin (1927-53) Leon Trotsky: led the Red Army but fell out of favor when Stallin took power and was hunted down and executed by Stalin’s agents Five Year Plans: Stalin’s efforts to improve the USSR’s productivity and economy Collectivization: Individual peasant farms were consolidated into large, state-controlled farms. Brought socialism to the countryside and the peasants under control of the state. Kulaks: enterprising peasants who revisited collectivization and who were liquidated by Stalin Central Committee: part of the government structure under Stalin. Was just below the Politburo Politburo: Stalin’s closest advisors; about 12 members. Discussed policy and personnel Great Terror: Government-sponsored terror was used on peasants, leading communists, & ordinary apparent reason people often for no The “Great Terror” resulted in 8 million arrests (USSR) Old Bolsheviks: followers of Lenin who were tried and executed by Stalin’s agents Purges: (Stalin) Millions were killed or disappeared or sent to forced labor camps called Gulags Gulags: Forced labor camps (Stalin) Benito Mussolini: Led the fascists in Italy Il Duce: Mussolini Fascist Party: Mussolini’s party characterized by conservativism and nationalism Black Shirts: Paramilitary forces that attacked Communists, Socialists, and other enemies of the fascists Lateran Pact: Mussolini’s deal with the Pope. The Church recognized the legitimacy of Mussolini’s government in exchange for $92 million for Church lands Nazism: Extreme nationalism and racism coupled with the desire to conquer other nations Aryan Race: The Nazis believed that the race of Germanic peoples was superior to other races NAZI: National Socialist German Workers Party Brown Shirts: (aka the SA) were a Nazi paramilitary group that terrorized political opponents on the streets. Became the private army of the Nazis and were very loyal to Hitler Mein Kamph: Became the blueprint for Hitler’s future plans. Written by Hitler Lebenstraum: (living space): Germans should expand east, remove the Jews, and turn the Slavs into slave labor Fuhrer: Leader-dictator Third Reich: 1933-45 Hitler’s Germany Reichstag Fire: occurred during the violent electoral campaign of 1933 The incident was used by the Nazis to crack down on the communists Joseph Goebels: Hitler’s minister of propaganda Leni Riefenstal: film maker who glorified Hitler and Nazi Party in Triumph of the Will Triumph of the Will: see above SS: Hitler’s elite, personal guard Heinrigh Himmler: led the SS Night of the Long Knives: the slaughter of the SA by the SS Gestapo: Hitler’s political police Hitler Youth: At first; voluntary Soon membership was mandatory Children were encouraged to turn in their teachers or even their parents if they seemed disloyal to the state Nuremberg Laws: 1935 deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship and worse Kriastallnacht: Night of the broken glass. Hitler ordered an attack on all Jewish communities Holocaust: 6 million European Jews were eventually killed during WWII The “Final Solution” Final Solution: See above Manchuria 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria in violation of the 9-Power Treaty, the charter of the League of Nations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact Ethiopia 1935: Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935. Used modern weapons 500,000 Ethiopians died, 5,000 Italians Spanish Civil War: Spain’s constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos was challenged by Fascist, Francisco Franco Francisco Franco: Led the Fascists in Spain against King Juan Carlos. Was aided by Hitler and Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War Rome-Berlin Axis: Formed between Germany and Italy as a response to successful military cooperation in Spain Rhineland 1936: German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles Appeasement: (Neville Chamberlain) the Brits and the French allowed Hitler to take Austria and the Sudetenland without repercussions Neville Chamberlain: British Prime Minister responsible for the policy of appeasement Polish Corridor: former German territory that had been given to Poland for access to the sea. Hitler’s attack on the corridor was the beginning of the blitzkrieg which began WWII Danzig: Port city at the tip of the Polish Corridor which had been goverened by the League of Nations since the end of WWI German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact: A ten-year neutrality agreement between Hitler and Stalin prior to the attack on Poland. Privately: Agreed to divide Poland between them Blitzkrieg: Lightening War. Began with Hitler’s attack on Poland Vichy France: The German puppet government in S. France led by Petain Charles DeGaulle: Led the Free French during WWII Tripartite Pact: Japan joined Rome-Berlin Axis in 1940 Battle of Britain: after the fall of France the Germans began bombing England in preparation for an invasion Lebensraum; Living Space. Hitler’s plan to settle Germans in Poland and other lands to the east and the Slavic people would act as servants to the Aryans Atlantic Charter: FDR and Churchill agreed that when and if the U.S. entered the war, the primary goal would be to defeat Hitler Lend-Lease: Allowed FDR to circumvent U.S. neutrality laws in order to send aid to the allies against Hitler Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Attack by Japan brought the U.S. into the war Grand Alliance: formed in 1942 Britain, USSR, the U.S. and 42 other nations Wannsee Conference: Hitler’s formal plan for liquidating the Jews Auschwitz: one of several Nazi death camps El Alamein: Nov. 1942: British forces led by Montgomery drove the Germans (led by Rommel (the Desert Fox) out of Egypt D-Day: aka Operation Overlord June 6, 1944120,000 troops crossed the channel to beaches of Normandy in France...amphibious assault Battle of the Bulge: Dec. 1944 Hitler tried to break through the Allied lines Hiroshima: The U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 Nagasaki: The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 Tehran Conference: (U.S., Brits, USSR 1943) Allies agreed to invasion of W. Europe (D-Day,) Stalin agreed to go against Japan after Hitler was defeated, Stalin insisted on occupying E. Europe Yalta Conference: (aka Sellout at Yalta) Stalin promised free elections after brief occupation of E. Europe Planned United Nations Stalin agreed to enter war against Japan within 3 months after defeat of Germany Zones for divided Germany decided on Potsdam Conference: 1945 Truman, Atlee, Stalin reversed on free elections in Eastern Europe Agreed on war crimes trials: Nuremburg Trials Reparations from each zone of Germany Chapter 30 Iron Curtain: from a speech by Churchill. Alerted the West to future conflict with Russia. The Iron Curtain prevented the free exchange of people and ideas between the East and the West. Truman Doctrine: Established the U.S. Policy of Containment that lasted for four decades. The U.S. would assist free peoples requesting aid against aggressive communism. Containment : Europe Western (U.S.) policy to prevent the spread of communism to Western Marshall Plan: European reconstruction: the U.S. sent $13 billion in aid (no strings) to help rebuild war-torn Europe Berlin Airlift: U.S. and others 11 month airlift 277,000 flights to keep West Berliners alive (Food, Rx, Coal) after Stalin blocked the roads from the West to West Berlin NATO: North Atlantic Treaty organization (1949) Collective security organization: U.S., Canada, and European democracies (12 members total) An attack on one = an attack on all Warsaw Pact: (1955) Response of USSR after West Germany joined NATO in 1954. USSR and Eastern Bloc countries arranged for collective security Hydrogen Bomb: USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb in 1949 Hydrogen Bomb: U.S. 1952 then USSR 1953 Eastern Bloc: Eastern European countries controlled by the USSR after WWII Joseph Stalin: leader of the USSR after Lenin and before Khrushchev (1927-53) Josip Broz Tito: communist leader of Yugoslavia during the cold war Nikita Khrushchev: Led the USSR from 1953-1964. Author of Peaceful co-existence and Gosplan De-Stalinization: 1956 at 20th Party Congress Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes in a secret anti-Stalin speech. Wanted to raise the standard of living in the USSR before spreading communism to the rest of the world Gosplan: Khrushchev’s plan to shift the focus from military and heavy industry to agriculture and consumer goods Boris Pasternak: wrote Dr. Zhivago Alexander Solzhenitsyn: portrayed the grim life of a Stalinist gulag in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch Hungarian Uprising 1956: Students and workers in Budapest installed a liberal Communist reformer as new leader…Imre Nagy. Was crushed by Soviets Sputnik: 1957 first man-made satellite in space (Soviet) Began the Space Race Peaceful Coexistence: Khrushchev wanted to concentrate on improving USSR’s economy rather than the spreading of communism to the rest of the world. Relations improved between the East and the West in the 50’s Geneva Conference 1955: USSR, U.S., France, Britain met to discuss disarmament No agreement reached U-2 Incident: 1960 American U-2 spy plane was shot down over USSR Berlin Wall: Built by Khrushchev when the West refused to give their sector to the USSR. Divided Berlin 1961-89 Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962: The U.S. placed a naval blockade against Soviet ships coming to Cuba to prevent the completion of a Soviet missile base in Cuba Leonid Brezhnev: 1964-82 Replaced Khrushchev as leader of the USSR. Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. Prague Spring: Alexander Dubcek of Czechoslovakia was elected brought “Prague Spring” Wanted democratic reform; freedom of speech “Socialism with a human face” Movement was crushed by the Soviets in 1968 Alexander Dubcek: see above Brezhnev Doctrine: the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. Willy Brandt: W. Germany’s Chancellor 1969-1974 began to improve relations with Eastern Europe with his “Eastern Initiative” Ostpolitik: Brandt negotiated treaties with the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally accepting state boundaries and mutual renunciation of force or threat of force. Eased tensions and inspired Détente between the U.S. and the USSR Détente: inspired by Brandt’s Ostpolitic. Nixon and his Sec. of State, Kissinger worked to ease tensions with the USSR. SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty: 1972 Nixon and Brezhnev signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of same to 200 for each power Helsinki Conference: 1975 The Final Act Officially ended WWII by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries for Eastern European countries Afghanistan: 1979 The Soviets invaded Afghanistan ending Détente. Solidarity: Led by Lech Walesa in Poland. A movement toward reform supported by most working class, the West and the Pope (John Paul II) but driven underground by the Soviets 1979 Pope John Paul II: Former Polish Cardinal. Supported Solidarity in Poland Lech Walessa: Led the solidarity movement in Poland Atlantic Conference: the U.S., Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl) all committed to support liberal efforts in Eastern Europe Margaret Thatcher: English Prime Minister 1979 Was committed to fighting communism along eith Reagan and Kohl. The Iron Maiden Helmut Kohl: West Germany Chancellor. Pro-American. Came to power in 1982 as the leader of the conservative Christian Democrats. Worked closely with Thatcher and Reagan Peristroika: brainchild of Mikhail Gorbachev. (Soviet leader 1985-89) economic reform. Adopted some free-market policies…unsuccessfully INF Treaty 1987: Gorbachev and Reagan All intermediate-range nuclear missiles banned START Treaty 1990: Gorbachev and George Bush Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of USSR’s nukes and both to limit ICBM warheads Revolutions of 1989: ended communist control of Eastern Europe: Poland, Berlin Wall, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Albania German Reunification: 1990 after the end of the Berlin Wall economies of E and W Germany were unified and $ poured into the Eastern part(causing much resentment by West Germans) Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia. A general strike resulted in the fall of the communist government Vaclaw Havel: a dissident playwright, became president of Czechoslovakia as a result of the Velvet Revolution Nicholi Ceausescu: Oppressive dictator in Romania, Ceausescu was ousted from power and was assassinated Fall of the Soviet Union: 1991 Yeltsin (President of Russia) and liberal allies declared Russia independent and withdrew from Soviet Union By December 25 Soviet Union dissolved into 15 independent states Boris Yeltsen: President of Russia outlawed communist party in Russia giving rise to the fall of the Soviet Union Chechnya: beginning in 1991 Rebellion of a tiny Muslim Republic within Russia looking for independence. Russia tried to stomp it out. Problems continue Vladimir Putin: (former KGB) replaced and hand-picked by Yeltsin as President of Russia in 2000 De-colonization: a wave of nationalism in European colonies caused many to demand and often to fight for their independence Gandhi: spiritual leader in India known for passive resistance and instrumental in India gaining independence from England soon after WWII Dien Bien Phu: Decisive battle between the French and Vietnam convincing the French that it was time to let that colony go at which time it became an American problem British Commonwealth: some former British colonies agreed to a loose alliance with the Brits Mao-Mao: a Kenyan group of freedom fighters to oust the British Slobodan Milosevic: 1990 President of Yugoslavia. Wanted a Serbian-dominated country. Sparked a civil war in Yugoslavia Croatia: with Slovenia declared its independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic took power in Yugoslavia Bosnia-Herezegovina: 1992 declared independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic took power sparking civil war Slovenia: with Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia after Milosevic took power Ethnic Cleansing: Bosnian Serbs tried to liquidate or remove Muslims: shelled cities, confiscating and destroying homes & property, gang rape, murder Several hundred thousand Bosnians killed Dayton Agreements: 1995 Agreement to divide Bosnia between Muslims and Serbs was enforced by U.S. and NATO troops Kosovo: 1999 Milosevic tried to ethnically cleanse Kosovo (a province of Serbia) of ethnic Albanians Irish Republican Army (IRA): bombed English cities; wanted Northern Ireland (Ulster) returned to Ireland Considered a terrorist organization by 1960’s Basques: aka ETA terrorized Spain in an effort for independence Guest Workers: a major source of tension among European conservatives North African immigrants to France Turkish immigrants to Germany and Austria Caused increase of xenophobia Jean-Marie Le Pen: the most outspoken Frenchman against both immigration and French integration into the EU Jorg Haider: led the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party which opposed immigration Caused the EU to demand that he step down Chapter 31 Bretton Woods Conference: 1944 Lay the foundations for the modern international monetary system International Monetary Fund: 1945 Was designed to provide short-term loans to struggling countries to prevent economic crisis and anarchy GATT: General Agreements of Tariff and Trade lowered tariffs and other trade restrictions to stimulate international trade World Bank: Provided long-term loans to countries for economic growth United Nations: provided for a place where all nations could meet as equals to discuss their problems (1945) The Security Council has the power to impose sancetions De Gualle: led the Free French movement during WWII and was president of the 4th and 5th French Republics Christian Democrats: emerged as a dominant political movement in several countries after WWII French Fourth Republic: 1946-58 Real power was in the legislature. Executive (de Gualle) was weak, ceremonial Labour Party: took power in England 1945. Led by Atlee. Began to establish a welfare stste Catholic Party: big influence in France. Fairly progressive when compared to Christian Dempcrats Clement Atlee: PM after Churchill. Led the Labour Party in England in 1945 Jean Monnet: one of the organizers of the European Common Market Conrad Adenaur: Led West Germany after 1949. Led the Christian Democrats Economic Miracle: Due to the impact of the U.S> Marshall Plan but was also due to the elimination of economic barriers (like tariffs) Erhard: West German Finance minister who combined a free market economy with extensive social welfare Council of Europe: represented nearly all European countries. Was an effort to unify politically, economically and militarily. Economics mose successful Mixed Economy: a free market economy blended with socialism ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community Was an international organization to control and integrate European coal and steel production Members: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg Schuman Plan: Organized by French (Monnet) and German (Schuman) Created the ECSC: the European Coal and Steel Community The Six: member nations of the ECSC EEC: European Economic Community created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Was an effort to bind the Six so closely together economically that war amongst them would be unthinkable Common Market: an effort to make European nations a single economic entity Treaty of Rome 1957: Created the EEC and Euratom Euratom: to develop and regulate nuclear energy COMECOM: the Soviet version of Euratom French Fifth Republic: gave the executive much more power than 4th Republic. Was led by Charles de Gualle. EU: European Union: German Chancellor Kohl and French President Mitterand wanted to extend the EU to include a single European currency and a common defense and foreign policy Maastricht Treaty: 1991 The Eurodollar was introduced. Became the single currency of the EU in 2002…except for England Euro: The single European currency of the EU except for England OPEC: 1973 Organization of Oil Exporting Countries. Arab oil states punished nations supporting Israel in Yom Kippur War. OPEC resulted in an energy crisis for much of the rest of the world Stagflation: 1970’s in U.S. and Europe. Increasing unemployment during increased inflationary period…unusual Mitterand: French President who helped to found the EU Big Science: During WWII and beyond for the first time purely theoretical science merged with practical technology. Characterized by the atomic bomb, space race, etc. Sputnik: The world’s first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 also launched the Space Race Yuri Gagarin: Soviet Cosmonaut. First to orbit the earth. 1961 Brain Drain: 1950’s and 60’s the best and brightest European scientists went to the U.S. Consumerism: Rising standard of living in 50’s and 60’s = the “Gadget” revolution: washers, dryers, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, TV’s, Stereos Counter-Culture: Rebellion against parents; authority Baby Boom after WWII had a distinctive and international youth culture Vatican II: 1962-65 the most important council of the Catholic Church since the Council of Trent (mid-16th Century) Allowed for the use of the vernacular in the liturgy Scripture became the Foundation of the Catholic Church Declared that (though the Catholic Church was the true Church) other Christian groups were to be respected French Student Revolt: 1968 Students dissatisfied with university curriculum, overcrowding, competition for grades appealed for help from the working class and a general strike threatened the 5th French Republic. Was crushed by government troops Women’s Rights Movement: 1949 Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and then (U.S.) Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique inspired the movement for women’s equality De Beauvoir: wrote The Second Sex: Argued that women were in essence free but had almost always been trapped by inflexible and limiting conditions