The American Republic Notes Part 3

! Modernization%and%Japan% o 1853!US!Commodore!Matthew!Perry!uses!gunboat!diplomacy!to!open!ports! o Opens!2!ports! o Humiliation!of!Japanese!officials!towards!western!powers!causes! intermittent!revolt!by!samurai! ! Japan% o 1600-1853!feudal!civil!wars! o Shogunate!set!up:!! o Shogun=!military!dictator,!rules!in!name!of!Emperor! o Japan!restricts!trade!(Dutch),!drives!out!foreigners,!forbids!Christianity! o 1853!Commodore!Matthew!Perry!uses!gunboats!to!force!open!ports! o Gunboat!diplomacy! ! Meiji%Restoration% o 1868!Tokugawa!shogunate!ousted,!emperor!“restored”! o Oligarchs,!powerful!samurai!propped!up!emperor,!kept!land,!power,!money! for!themselves! o What!to!do!with!traditional!powerbases?! ! Meiji%and%Modernization% 1. Constitution:!Parliament!with!an!Emperor! 2. Military!technology!and!tactics! 3. Importation!of!industrialists! 4. Abolished!social!hierarchy! 5. Elimination!of!daimyos! 6. Modern!police!forces! ! Japan%as%Imperial%Power% o 1876!Japan!opens!Korea! o 1894-5!Sino-Japanese!war! o 1900!Helps!put!down!the!Boxer!Rebellion! o 1904-5!Russo-Japanese!War!(Manchuria)! o 1910!Japan!annexes!North!Korea! o 1911!eliminates!extraterritoriality! ! Emigration%in%Asian%Regions% 1. Movements!of!Europeans!into!Oceana!and!Asia:!army,!government!officials,! penal!colony! 2. Emigration!from!Asia:!itinerant!merchants,!discovery!of!gold/natural! resources,!workers! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Chapter!18:!Society!and!Culture!in!the!19th!Century! ! Cities%in%the%Medieval%Era% o Population!30-50,000!people! o No!city!planning! o No!services:!no!lighting,!sewers,!housing!administration! o Miasma!theory!of!disease! ! Urbanization%and%its%Discontents% o Creation!of!Factories!draws!people!into!the!city! o Cities!become!a!location!to!show!national!pride,!military!strength,!and! cultural!superiority! o Creation!of!mass!transit! o Creation!of!National!Museums! o City!as!Urban!Design! ! City%as%Design% o Creation!of!urban!services!to!address!transportation,!health,!safety,!law! enforcement!concerns! o Reaction!to!urban!reformers! o Reaction!to!disease!outbreaks!and!government!legislation! o Moralistic!element!to!reform! o Edwin!Chadwick=!utilitarianism! o Reform!can!be!approached!rationally! ! John%Snow%and%Germ%Theory% o Current!theory=!Miasma!theory! o Disease!caused!by!filth,!stench,!rotting!material! o Massive!cholera!outbreak!in!England!investigated!by!Dr.!John!Snow! o Tracked!the!incidence!of!disease!to!a!common!water!pump! o Proved!that!water!was!contaminated!by!sewage!leak! ! Lois%Pasteur%and%Germ%Theory% o Decay!of!organic!material!caused!by!microorganisms! o No!spontaneous!generation!of!disease,!without!contamination!there!is!no! disease! o Heating!material!kills!microorganisms=!pasteurization! ! Transfer%of%Knowledge%to%Medicine% o Dr.!Joseph!Lister! o Limitation!of!infection!through!sterilization!techniques!and!hand!washing! o Florence!Nightingale! o Nurse!during!the!Crimean!War! o Handbook!on!Nursing! ! % Science%and%Society% o Charles!Darwin!(1809-1882)! o On&the&Origin&of&the&Species&! o Species! o Theory!of!Evolution! o Natural!Selection! ! Social%Darwinism% o Application!of!theory!of!biological!evolution!to!human!affairs! o Human!race!driven!by!struggle!to!greater!specialization!by!economic!struggle! o Society!drove!science!to!prove!ideas!of!cultural/racial!adaptation!and! superiority! ! Social%Change%and%Industrialization% o Industrialization!increased!gap!between!wealthy!and!poor! o Growth!of!division!of!gender!between!men’s!and!women’s!spheres! o Doctors!begin!to!study!sexuality,!behavior,!parenting!! ! Popular%Science%and%Literature:%Science%Fiction% o Jules!Verne! o 20,000&Leagues&Under&the&Sea! o The&Mysterious&Island! o Around&the&World&in&80&Days! o From&the&Earth&to&the&Moon! o Journey&to&the&Center&of&the&Earth! o Intersection!of!science,!popular!culture,!technology,!potentiality!of!scientific! progress! o *interjection!in!current!politics! ! Chapter!19:!Imperialism!2:!Africa! ! Africa%into%the%19th%Century% • Transition!to!an!economy!outside!slave!trade! • Abolition!laws! • Return!of!former!slaves!to!Africa! • Development!of!palm!oil!and!peanut!industry! Islamic!Revival!and!Expansion! • Collapse!of!West!African!states! • Sokoto!Caliphate! • Uthman!dan!Fodio!(1754-1817)! • Expansion!through!holy!war! • Use!of!written!constitution,!education,!slave!culture! Islamic!Revival!and!Expansion! • • • • Sayyid!Said!(1804-1856)! Sultan!of!Oman,!conquered!Mombasa,!capital!at!Zanzibar! Conquered!Swahili!peoples! Controlled!Slave!trade!for!Ottoman!Empire! ! Scramble%for%Africa% • Desire!for!colonial!holdings!resulted!in!take!over!of!African!continent! • Berlin!Conference!1884-5! • Meeting!between!England,!France,!Germany,!others! • Creates!rules!for!establishing!colonies!in!Africa:!! o Occupation!of!land!by!troops! o Economic!development!of!colony! o Claim!to!watch!over!natives,!Christianize!them,!eradicate!slavery! • Berlin!Conference!1884!! • Britain:!South!Africa,!Egypt,!Sudan,!Nigeria! • Belgium:!Congo! • France:!Sahara,!Madagascar! • Portugal:!Mozambique,!Angola! • Germany:!Southwest!Africa,!East!Africa!! • Protectorate:!state!or!territory!protected!by!stronger!outside!power! • Italy:!Libya! • Independent:!Abyssinia!(Ethiopia)!and!Liberia! ! British%Control%over%Sudan% • 1881!Sudan!Mahdi!(1844-1885)!revolt!against!British!rule! • 1885!massacre!of!British!outpost,!British!retreat!to!Cairo! • 1895!British!construct!railroads,!meet!Muslim!forces!at!Omdurman! • Use!of!machine!gun,!artillery! • 28!British!deaths! • 11,0000!deaths,!Mahdi’s!forces! ! British%Control%over%South%Africa% • Dutch!Cape!Colony,!1652! • Congress!of!Vienna,!1815! • Afrikaner!Great!Trek! • Discovery!of!Gold,!Diamonds! • Cecil!Rhodes!(1853-1902)! • De!Beers!Company! • Color-bar!system! • Use!of!missionaries,!protectorates!to!extend!British!South!Africa!Company! land! • 1889!Royal!order!to!annex!land! • Boer!War!(1899-1902)! • War!between!British,!Dutch!for!territory,!gold,!diamonds,!rubber! • • • • Powderless!Cartridges! Camouflage! Scorched!earth! Union!of!South!Africa:!coalition!government!of!British,!Dutch,!Africans! ! Impact%of%Colonialism% • European!powers!provide!strong!government,!small!army,!native!police! forces! • Education!filtered!through!Christian!missionary!schools! • Construction!of!railroads!to!transport!raw!materials!and!finished!products! • Taxes!only!payable!in!European!currency! ! New%Imperialism=%European%drive%to%create%large-scale%political%empires% Causes:! • European!powers!provide!strong!government,!small!army,!native!police! forces! • Education!filtered!through!Christian!missionary!schools! • Construction!of!railroads!to!transport!raw!materials!and!finished!products! • Taxes!only!payable!in!European!currency! ! Civilizing%Mission,%Criticism,%Resistance% • Rationalization!of!imperialistic!qualities!was!claim!to!civilize!others! • Benefits!of!economic!upswing,!protection!to!ready!for!self-government! • White!Man’s!Burden:!!belief!that!it!is!the!responsibility!of!white!Europeans!to! civilize!primitive,!non-white!peoples! • Hobson,!Imperialism! • Rush!to!acquire!colonies!ignores!domestic!problems!and!reforms! • Conrad!Heart&of&Darkness! • Manipulation!of!local!polities,!xenophobia! ! Decline%of%the%Ottoman%Empire% • Advisors!to!the!sultans!=!wives!! • Protest!against!using!devshirme! • Use!of!semi-independent!governors! • Independence!movement,!European!colonization! • Balkan!nationalism! • Abolition!movement! • Revolt!of!Janissaries,!1807! • Execution!of!Janissaries! • Tanzimat,!Young!Turks! ! British%Seizure%of%Egypt% • Muhammad!Ali!appointed!governor!of!Egypt,!1802! • 1820-22!conquest!of!Sudan! • • • • • Commercial!agriculture!to!pay!for!industrialization! Ismail!(1863-79)! Cotton!production,!Suez!Canal! Could!not!pay!back!loans,!British!plan!Egypt’s!budgets! British!armies!ruled!Egypt!until!1956! ! Chapter!20:!The!End!of!the!World?! ! Origins%of%the%Great%War% • Nationalism! • Disruption!of!balance!of!power!within!Europe! • Militarism=!military!as!the!ideal!of!the!state! • Conversion!of!Industrial!revolution!technology!to!produce!military!hardware! • Entangling!Alliances!! ! Entangling%Alliances:%Germany% • Otto!von!Bismarck’s!policy:!isolate!France,!prevent!European!war!through! alliances! • 1882!Triple!Alliance:!Germany,!Italy,!Austria! • 1884-5!Berlin!Conference! • 1890!William!II!forced!Bismarck!to!resign! • Growth!of!navy,!military! • Challenges!others!for!colonies! ! Entangling%Alliances:% • Britain:!! • Anglo-American!alliance:!1902! • Anglo-Franco!alliance!1904! • Anglo-Russian!alliance!1907! • Franco-Russian!alliance!1892! ! Outbreak%of%the%War% • Wars!in!the!Balkans!and!desire!for!nationalism! • Austro-Hungary!wants!to!annex!Serbia! • Austro-Hungary!performs!military!maneuvers!! • Archduke!Ferdinand!and!his!wife!assassinated!on!state!visit!to!Sarajevo!! • 28!June!1914! ! Austro-Hungary%and%German%Response% • AH!wanted!surrender!of!Serbia! • Germany!allied!with!AH! • Serbia!had!Russia’s!support! • Russia!allied!with!France! • Germany,!fearful!of!encirclement,!develops!plan!to!eliminate!threat!from! France!before!fighting!Russia! Schlieffen!Plan!1905! • ! Stalemate% • Failure!to!Capture!Paris! • Race!to!outflank!enemy! • Trench!Warfare! • “No!Man’s!Land”! ! Attempts%to%Break%Stalemate% • Conversion!of!Agricultural!and!Industrial!Revolution!developments!for! warfare! • Barbed!Wire! • Tractors=!Tanks! • High!Explosives! • Industrial!Chemicals=!Chemical!warfare! • Flamethrower! • Machine!gun! • Airplane! ! Great%War%becomes%Global% • Ottoman!Empire!sides!with!Germany/AH! • Revolt!in!Arabia! • Large!scale!use!of!colonial!troops! • Unrestricted!submarine!warfare:! • Any!ship!entering!an!area!would!be!liable!to!be!fired!upon! • 1915!Lusitania!passenger!ship!torpedoed!! • Zimmerman!telegram=!Germany!promises!Mexico!recovery!of!territory! • US!enters!war!! ! Society%during%Wartime% • Total!war=!government!controls!economy!to!mobilize!everything!for!war! effort! • Drafts!used! • Propaganda! • Increased!Role!of!Women,!Labor!Unions! ! Russian%Revolution%and%Exit%from%War% • Poor!strategy,!planning!by!Tsar!Nicholas!II! • Distrust!of!Russian!Parliament!(Duma)! • Rasputin,!priest,!becomes!advisor/lover!of!tsarina!! • Duma!murders!Rasputin! • March!Revolution!1917:!strikes,!uprisings!over!cost!of!bread,!caused!Tsar!to! abdicate! Duma!declares!provisional!government! • ! Russian%Revolution%and%Exit%from%War% • Duma!=!provisional!government! • Shared!power!with!Petrograd!Soviet!(Council!of!Workers’!and!Soldiers’! Deputies)! • Did!not!confiscate!large!noble!estates! • Continued!War!! • Petrograd!Soviet!issues!its!own!orders:!Army!Order!No.!1=!officers!stripped! of!authority,!power!to!committees!of!soldiers! • Provisional!government!becomes!more!authoritarian! ! Lenin%and%the%Bolshevik%Revolution% • Vladimir!Lenin!(1870-1924)! • Studied!Marx!and!socialism!in!exile!in!Europe! • Lenin’s!ideas:! • Only!violent!revolution!can!overthrow!capitalism! • Communist!revolution!only!possible!after!industrial!revolution!! • Leadership!depended!on!human!leadership!than!historical!laws,!highlydisciplined!workers! • Bolshevik=!majority!party!of!Russian!socialism! • Lenin!called!for!Bolshevik!revolution,!gained!majority!supporters!in! Petrograd!Soviet! ! Bolshevik%Revolution%and%Civil%War% • October!1917! • Called!a!provisional!worker!and!peasant!government,!disbanded! • Dictatorship!to!remain!in!power! • Peace!with!Germany:!Brest-Litovsk!1918! • Civil!War!(1917-22)! • Bolshevik!opposition!“White”! • Communists!“Red”! • “Reds”=!controlled!resources,!better!trained,!Red!Terror! • 250,000!executed! ! End%of%World%War%1% • November!1918!overthrow!of!German!government!by!Workers!Party! demands!peace! • Treaty!of!Versailles! • Establishes!League!of!Nations! • Buffer!state!between!Germany!and!France! • Germany’s!colonies!given!to!others! • • ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! % ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Reparations!to!Entente!powers,!sole!blame!for!war! Break!up!of!Ottoman,!Austrian,!German!Empires,!continued!rise!of! nationalism! !