The American Republic Notes Part 2

Neocolonialism: perpetuation of economic domination after independence Foreign countries want stability for investment Each country= 1-2 products Gunboat diplomacy use of force to open markets Prosperity in oil and rubber Mass emigration to Latin America Rise of Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires Chapter 15: Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Period between 1780-1850 that describes major inventions and economic expansion Stages of the Industrial Revolution 1. Agricultural Revolution 2. Industrial Revolution 3. "Second Industrial Revolution" Agriculture: Middle Ages-1600 3 crop rotation system Keeps soil fresh Keeps different crops in production Root crops provide winter food Importation of New World crops with Triangle Trade Transplanting of Agricultural Knowledge Charles Lord "Turnip" Townshend (1725-1767) Ambassador to Netherlands Hired Dutch engineers to drain fens (marshes) and to make them fertile Agricultural Revolution Application of scientific knowledge of the Enlightenment to agriculture Creation of more arable land by: Constructing a dike Draining land delimited by dyke with a sluice Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution: Why Great Britain? Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment ideas Encyclopedia translated and published in English Importation of agricultural technology High Wages in the Countryside for wool production Desire to lower cost Large deposits of coal Large scale trade network Navy to protect shipping lanes Increase in Population meant increase in food production, higher wages Increased purchasing power Women enter workforce Higher rates of literacy and education Protestant religion, compulsory education Stable home government. Increasing power of merchants in Parliament Technological Innovations and the Industrial Revolution Processing of raw materials in the 17th century: Merchants loan, aka "put out" raw materials to workers for processing Five spinners occupy one weaver 18th century innovations: Mechanical/machinery to spin thread Surplus of thread for weavers James Hargreaves (1720-1778) Spinning Jenny Wheel powered by hand Up to 24 spindles Arkwright Waterframe Could spin several hundred spindles at a time Required constant water source Made coarse thread to be respun as fine thread Steam Engine/Power Symbiotic relationship between coal and steam power Switch from timber to coal to produce power Coal mines flooded; pumps created to allow access to coal mines. 1763 James Watt created patent to improve steam engine Steam Transportation Transportation of coal was first use George Stephenson Liverpool to Manchester Railway in 1829 Transition from cargo to passenger transportation Why did different countries industrialize at different times Political Circumstances: Napoleonic Wars, US Civil war Acquisition of knowledge and technology came at different periods Traditional industries were still inexpensive, no need to create more efficient processes State's ability to allow resources to be controlled by private individuals instead of being nationalized Agents of Industrialization Protection of trade and ideas: 1825 illegal for artisans and skilled people can't leave Britain. Exportation of machinery illegal Entrepreneurs helped to spread technology Government Protection Tariff protection Customs Governments took role in building roads and canals Banks and investment: banks became limited liability corporations Patents Industrialization and Population Population Effects on Industrialization: Rising wealthy merchants have increased influence in House of Commons Desire to expand agricultural land resulted in Enclosure Acts Enclosure Acts closed off common lands for private individuals Scotland Highland Clearance Highlands pastureland for sheep 1799 Combination Acts 1819 Peterloo Massacre Where did these people go? US/British colonies Newly booming industrial towns Theoretical Responses to Population Increases Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principle of Population Population will outstrip food supply Only way to check population growth is war, disease, famine David Richardo Law of wages Population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels Working Conditions and Reform Cities did not have social services firefighting, police, housing reforms No laws against children/women in factories 12+ hour days, 6 days a week Children used to fit in small spaces for machine repair