Joints Answer Key

Chapter 9 Joints 1) Joints can be classified structurally as A) bony. B) fibrous. C) cartilaginous. D) synovial. E) All of the answers are correct. 2) The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a A) suture. B) gomphosis. C) synchondrosis. D) synotosis. E) syndesmosis. 3) An immovable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis. 4) A synovial joint is an example of a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) amphiarthrosis. C) diarthrosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis. 5) A ligamentous connection such as an antebrachial interosseous membrane is called a A) syndesmosis. B) symphysis. C) synchondrosis. D) synostosis. E) gomphosis. 6) A slightly movable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) gomphosis. E) synostosis. 7) A suture is an example of a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) symphysis. D) diarthrosis. E) amphiarthrosis. 8) An epiphyseal line is an example of a A) gomphosis. B) synchondrosis. C) synostosis. D) symphysis. E) syndesmosis. 9) Dense fibrous connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n) A) amphiarthrosis. B) syndesmosis. C) synostosis. D) synchondrosis. E) gomphosis. 10) An example of a synchondrosis is the articulation of the A) ribs with the sternum. B) radius and the ulna. C) femur with the acetabulum. D) atlas and the axis. E) navicular bone with the cuniform bones. 11) A freely movable joint is a(n) A) synarthrosis. B) diarthrosis. C) amphiarthrosis. D) syndesmosis. E) symphysis. 12) The intervertebral disc joint is called a A) synarthrosis. B) glide joint. C) condylar joint. D) synchondrosis. E) symphysis. 13) Which of the following is one of the four major types of synarthrotic joints? A) suture B) gomphosis C) synchondrosis D) synostosis E) All of the answers are correct. 14) Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to A) fibrous cartilage. B) dense regular connective tissue. C) periodontal ligament. D) rigid cartilaginous bridge. E) completely fused. 15) Structurally, the pubic symphysis is classified as a ________ articulation. A) cartilaginous B) bony C) synovial D) fibrous E) diarthrotic 16) Identify the incorrect pair. A) synarthrosis; immovable joint B) amphiarthrosis; slightly movable joint C) chondrosis; freely moving joint D) gomphosis; articulation between tooth and bone E) They are all correct; there is no incorrect pair. 17) Which of the following occurs when the articular cartilage is damaged? A) The matrix begins to break down. B) The exposed surface appears rough. C) Friction in the joint increases. D) Normal synovial joint function is unable to continue. E) All of the answers are correct. 18) Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? A) shock absorption B) increases osmotic pressure within joint C) lubrication D) provides nutrients E) protects articular cartilages 19) Bursae are found in all of the following areas except A) tendon sheaths. B) beneath the skin covering a bone. C) within connective tissue exposed to friction or pressure. D) around blood vessels. E) around many synovial joints. 20) Which of the following is not a property of articular cartilage? A) covered by perichondrium B) lubricated by synovial fluid C) enclosed by an articular capsule D) similar to hyaline cartilage E) smooth, low-friction surface 21) The surface of articular cartilage is A) slick. B) flat. C) smooth. D) rough. E) both slick and smooth. 22) Which of the following is not considered an accessory synovial structure? A) fat pads B) menisci C) tendons D) bursae E) synovial membrane 23) Mike falls off his skateboard and sprains his ankle. Which of the following most likely occurs with this type of accident? A) A bursa is damaged and leaks synovial fluid. B) A ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged. C) Articulating bones are forced out of position and ligaments are torn. D) Dislocation of the ankle occurs. E) The tibia is broken and must be set in a cast. 24) Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints? A) freely movable B) lined by a secretory epithelium C) covered by a serous membrane D) contain synovial fluid E) covered by a capsule Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint Use Figure 9-1 to answer the following questions: 25) Which structure acts as a cushion and consists of fibrous cartilage? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 26) Identify the structure at label "1." A) meniscus B) bursa C) articular cartilage D) synovial membrane E) joint cavity 27) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) serous membrane B) synovial membrane C) joint capsule D) periosteum E) intracapsular ligament 28) What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"? A) fibrocartilage B) synovial membrane C) articular cartilage D) bone tissue E) dense connective tissue 29) Identify the structure labeled "5." A) serous membrane B) synovial membrane C) joint capsule D) periosteum E) intracapsular ligament 30) Usually found outside the capsule, _____ protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint. A) ligaments B) tendons C) bursae D) menisci E) fat pads 31) Small pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber where ligaments and tendons rub against other tissues are called A) fat pads. B) menisci. C) bursae. D) lacunae. E) fasciae. 32) ________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces. A) Fat pads B) Menisci C) Bursae D) Lacunae E) Fasciae 33) A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position. A) fracture B) bunion C) bursitis D) dislocation E) sprain 34) The three functions of synovial fluid are nutrient distribution, shock absorption, and A) stabilization. B) lubrication. C) padding. D) strengthening. E) enzyme secretion. 35) A ________ is a tender nodule formed around bursae over the base of the great toe. A) spur B) blister C) callus D) bunion E) pimple 36) A collagenous type of connective tissue that reinforces the synovial joint and is found outside the joint capsule is called the D) intracapsular tendon A) extracapsular tendon. B) intracapsular ligament. E) meniscus C) extracapsular ligament. 37) Which one of the following is not a stabilizing factor of synovial joints? A) skeletal muscles around the joint B) the presence of a meniscus C) collagen fibers of the joint capsule D) fat pads around the joint E) the synovial membrane 38) The joint between the forearm bones and the wrist is a ________ joint. A) saddle B) glide C) hinge D) condylar E) pivot 39) Ankle extension is also called A) dorsiflexion. B) inversion. C) eversion. D) plantar flexion. E) protraction. 40) Pronation is defined as A) a rolling of the distal epiphysis of the radius over the ulna. B) a twisting of the ulna medially. C) twisting the forearm so that the palms face anteriorly. D) the shortening of the angle between the radius and the humerus. E) movement of the mandible anteriorly, as seen when biting the upper lip. 41) A movement away from the midline of the body is called A) inversion. B) abduction. C) adduction. D) flexion. E) extension. 42) To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called A) rotation. B) opposition. C) circumduction. D) eversion. E) retraction. 43) A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, called A) eversion. B) protraction. C) dorsiflexion. D) plantar flexion. E) inversion. 44) The ankle joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint. A) condylar B) saddle C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) gliding 45) Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) bending the elbow E) spreading the fingers 46) A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as A) inversion. B) plantar flexion. C) eversion. D) dorsiflexion. E) pronation. 47) The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are A) condylar joints. B) saddle joints. C) pivot joints. D) hinge joints. E) condyloid joints. 48) The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a ________ joint. A) saddle B) gliding C) condylar D) hinge E) pivot 49) Monaxial joints are known as ________ joints. A) saddle B) gliding C) ball-and-socket D) condylar E) hinge 50) Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones? A) saddle B) gliding C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) pivot 51) Which of the following types of joints is monaxial, but capable of only rotation? A) saddle B) gliding C) hinge D) ball-and-socket E) pivot 52) Curling into the "fetal position" ________ the intervertebral joints. A) hyperextends B) flexes C) abducts D) extends E) rotates 53) The movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the A) hand. B) arm. C) foot. D) leg. E) hip. 54) The elbow joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint. A) saddle B) gliding C) condylar D) hinge E) pivot 55) In a triaxial articulation, A) movement can occur in all three axes. B) movement can occur in only two axes. C) movement can occur in only one axis. D) only circumduction is possible. E) no movement is possible. 56) An extension past the anatomical position is known as A) double-jointed. B) extension. C) flexion. D) rotation. E) hyperextension. 57) Which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? A) elbow B) knee C) ankle D) wrist E) shoulder 58) The joints between vertebrae are examples of ________ joints. A) saddle B) pivot C) condylar D) hinge E) gliding 59) Which foot movement enables the ballerina to stand on her toes? A) dorsiflexion B) plantar flexion C) inversion D) rotation E) eversion 60) Which of the following movements is a good example of supination? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers 61) Lifting a stone with the tip of foot is A) circumduction. B) eversion. C) inversion. D) plantar flexion. E) dorsiflexion. 62) Which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers 63) Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers 64) Which of the following movements is a good example of depression? A) opening the mouth B) turning the hand palm upward C) extreme bending of the head backwards D) moving the hand toward the shoulder E) spreading the fingers 65) Nodding your head "yes" is an example of A) lateral and medial rotation. B) circumduction. C) flexion and extension. D) pronation and supination. E) protraction and retraction. 66) Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food? A) elevation B) abduction C) flexion D) pronation E) circumduction Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Use Figure 9-2 to answer the following questions: 67) Identify the type of joint at label "1." A) hinge B) condylar C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot 68) Identify the type of joint at label "2." A) hinge B) condylar C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot 69) Identify the type of joint at label "3." A) hinge B) gliding C) condylar D) saddle E) pivot 70) Identify the type of joint at label "4." A) hinge B) gliding C) condylar D) saddle E) pivot 71) Identify the type of joint at label "5." A) hinge B) condylar C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot 72) The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called ________ rotation. A) frontal B) external C) lateral D) outward E) medial 73) The movement of rotating a limb outward is called ________ rotation. A) lateral B) internal C) medial D) superficial E) abductive 74) The atlantoaxial joint is an example of a ________ joint. A) ball and socket D) condyloid E) saddle B) pivot C) gliding 75) The movement of the forearm while twisting a doorknob is A) protraction and retraction. B) abduction and adduction. C) flexion and extension. D) lateral rotation and medial rotation. E) supination and pronation. 76) Identify the incorrect pair. A) gliding joint; sacroiliac joint B) pivot joint; hip joint C) hinge joint; ankle joint D) condylar joint; radiocarpal joint E) saddle joint; first carpometacarpal joint 77) You ________ your mandible when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth. A) rotate B) extend C) pivot D) protract E) pronate 78) The movement of a body part upward is called A) extension. B) protraction. C) supination. D) elevation. E) abduction. 79) Which of the following types of movement are not permitted at a synovial joint? A) eversion B) flexion C) retraction D) gliding E) They are all permitted. 80) The movement of a body part downward is called A) retraction. B) pronation. C) depression. D) protraction. E) eversion. 81) ________ is a type of angular movement that increases the angle between articulating bones. A) Adduction B) Abduction C) Flexion D) Extension E) Rotation 82) ________ is a type of angular movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones. A) Adduction B) Abduction C) Flexion D) Extension E) Rotation 83) Which of the following is not a type of synovial joint? A) gliding B) hinge C) pivot D) symphysis E) condylar 84) All of the following movements occur at the intervertebral joints except A) flexion. B) rotation. C) dorsiflexion. D) lateral flexion. E) extension. 85) The gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc is called the A) annulus fibrosus. B) nucleus pulposus. C) synovial fluid. D) gelatinous pulposus. E) gelatinous fibrosus. 86) The fibrocartilage outer layer of the intervertebral disc is called the A) annulus fibrosus. B) nucleus pulposus. C) synovial fluid. D) gelatinous pulposus. E) gelatinous fibrosus. 87) The flava ligament is A) a paired ligament that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. B) a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. C) a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. D) a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. E) a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies. 88) The supraspinous ligament is A) a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. B) a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. C) a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. D) a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. E) a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies. 89) The interspinous ligament is A) a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. B) a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. C) a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. D) a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. E) a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies. 90) The anterior longitudinal ligament is A) a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. B) a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. C) a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. D) a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. E) a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies. 91) The posterior longitudinal ligament is A) a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. B) a fibrous band that connects the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. C) a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. D) a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. E) a wide fibrous band that connect the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies. 92) The elbow joint is extremely stable because A) the ulna and humerus interlock. B) the articular capsule is thin. C) the capsule lacks ligaments. D) several muscles support the joint capsule. E) the joint lacks bursae. 93) Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in A) flexion of the forearm. B) extension of the forearm. C) abduction of the forearm. D) adduction of the forearm. E) rotation of the shoulder. 94) The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is the A) humero-ulnar joint. B) ulnar joint. C) ulnaradial joint. D) radial joint. E) humeroradial joint. 95) The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee joint is the ________ ligament. A) anterior cruciate B) posterior cruciate C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral 96) The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the tibia and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments. A) cruciate B) fibular collateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral 97) In the knee joint, the medial and lateral menisci A) are cartilages that bind the knee to the tibia. B) act as cushions between the articulating surfaces. C) take the place of bursae. D) are found between the patella and femur. E) are prominent fat pads to protect the articulating bones. 98) The structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the A) fat pads. B) medial menisci. C) lateral menisci. D) popliteal ligaments. E) cruciate ligaments. 99) The normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves A) abduction. B) adduction. C) flexion. D) extension. E) both flexion and extension. 100) The back of the knee joint is reinforced by ________ ligaments. A) tibial collateral B) anterior cruciate C) posterior cruciate D) patellar E) popliteal 101) The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament. A) cruciate B) fibular collateral C) patellar D) popliteal E) tibial collateral 102) Complete dislocation of the knee is rare because A) the knee is protected by the patella. B) the femur articulates with the tibia at the knee. C) the knee contains seven major ligaments. D) the knee contains fat pads to absorb shocks. E) the knee is extremely resilient. 103) The most common athletic knee injury produces damage to the A) patella. B) lateral meniscus. C) ligaments. D) tendons. E) medial meniscus. 104) The ligament that encloses the ________ attaches to the tibial tuberosity. A) head of the femur B) greater trochanter C) medial malleolus D) lesser trochanter E) patella 105) The knee joint is stabilized by ________ major ligaments. A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11 106) In nursemaids elbow the radial head is dislocated from the A) ulnar collateral ligament. B) radial collateral ligament. C) articular capsule. D) anular ligament. E) antebrachial interosseous membrane. 107) Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion? A) coracohumeral B) coracoacromial C) coracoclavicular D) glenohumeral E) acromioclavicular 108) The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint. A) hip B) shoulder C) elbow D) knee E) wrist 109) Which of the following is false? A) The rotator cuff functions to limit the range of movements of the shoulder joint. B) The shapes of the articulating surfaces within the joint help prevent movement in a particular direction and strengthen and stabilize the joint. C) The tighter two bones are held together within a joint, the stronger the joint. D) The more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint. E) The tension produced by muscle tendons surrounding a joint help stabilize the joint. 110) The "rotator cuff" of the shoulder functions to A) reinforce the joint capsule. B) limit the range of movements. C) allow biaxial movement. D) allow monaxial movement. E) reinforce the joint capsule and limit the range of movements. 111) Which of the following ligaments assists in stabilization of the shoulder joint? A) coracoacromial B) subscapularis C) coracoclavicular D) coracoacromial and subscapular ligaments E) coracoacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments 112) Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a rotator cuff injury? A) tennis players B) soccer players C) runners D) baseball pitchers E) high jumpers 113) Which of the following ligaments is not associated with the hip joint? A) iliofemoral ligament B) pubofemoral ligament C) ischiofemoral ligament D) ligamentum teres E) anterior cruciate ligament 114) Which of the following explains the occurrence of a hip fracture rather than a hip dislocation? A) There is a severe lack of capsular fibers in hip joints compared to other synovial joints. B) Only three ligaments are present in hip joints to provide stability. C) Stress gets transferred from head of femur to the diaphysis via the thin neck. D) Muscles surrounding the hip joint are altogether small and thus provide little stability. E) All of the above. 115) Factors that increase the stability of the hip joint include A) strong muscular padding. B) tough capsule. C) almost complete bony socket. D) supporting ligaments. E) All of the answers are correct. 116) The coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the ________ joint. A) vertebrocoxal B) coxosacral C) iliocoxal D) vertebroilial E) sacroiliac 117) The glenoid fossa is rimmed by the fibrocartilaginous A) fovea capitis. B) glenoid labrum. C) menisci glenoidum. D) annulus fibrosus. E) nucleus pulposus. 118) The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint. A) coracocondylar B) humeroacromial C) clavicoscapular D) glenohumeral E) deltobrachial 119) Which of the following is not a member of the rotator cuff? A) teres major B) subscapularis C) teres minor D) infraspinatus E) supraspinatus 120) Arthritis always involves damage to the ________ cartilages, but the specific cause can vary. A) articular B) intervertebral C) costal D) elastic E) fibrous 121) A general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system is A) rheumatism. B) atherosclerosis. C) bursitis. D) bunions. E) arthritis. 122) The clinical term for joint inflammation is A) rheumatism. B) atherosclerosis. C) bursitis. D) bunions. E) arthritis. 123) In ________ crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints. A) rheumatism B) degenerative joint disease C) rheumatoid arthritis D) osteoporosis E) gouty arthritis 124) In ________ an autoimmune response attacks joints and causes an inflammation condition. A) rheumatism B) degenerative joint disease C) rheumatoid arthritis D) osteoporosis E) gouty arthritis 125) The most common type of joint inflammation is called A) rheumatism. B) degenerative joint disease. C) rheumatoid arthritis. D) osteoporosis. E) gouty arthritis.