Fluid Balance, Intake/Output, Fluid Volume Deficit and Excess

So on card number 90, we are starting by talking about solution osmolarity. And if you see on this card, we've got three different types. We have hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic. So hyper means a higher tonicity of the fluid than the body. So that is going to be something that is going to cause fluid to move out of our cells, shriveling them. Then isotonic, iso means the same, so same tonicity as our body's fluid. The big one here is going to be normal saline. Lactated Ringer's is also an isotonic fluid. So that's not going to change the intracellular volume there. Nothing is going to change in that regard. And then hypotonic. Hypo means low, so lower tonicity than the fluid that's in our body already. This means that fluid is going to move from the outside into the cells causing them to swell and possibly burst or lyse. So I remember this. This is not on the cards, but this is how I remember it. Hypertonic, the E after the P is what I'm looking at. The E looks spiky, hypertonic. It's got points, right? So that means that's what the cell is going to look like too. Hypotonic, the letter after the P, it's an O. It looks swollen and big, right? Fluid has moved into the cell, and it has swollen. Let's talk really quickly. Some examples of hypertonic fluid would be D10W, dextrose 10% in water, 3% sodium chloride - so that's more than is in normal saline - and 5% sodium chloride, even more. Hypotonic, less than that of our body, we're talking about half-normal saline, 0.45%, or quarter-normal saline, 0.225%, okay? Those are some examples there. Now, I want to show you this illustration. I think this illustration is beautiful. It's available on the cards. And it shows what happens to the cells when fluid moves in and out of them based on what type of solution they are in. I love this illustration; I think it is absolutely beautiful. Moving on to card number 92, let's talk about calculating the intake and output for your patients. I have had a lot of questions about this in nursing school and even on the NCLEX. You need to understand what counts for intake and output. Intake is any fluid put into the body. So that's not just the fluids that they drink. That includes IV fluids, IV flushes, medications if they're liquid, gastric lavage, continuous bladder irrigation, and all of those things count. So you need to calculate everything that goes into the body as part of your intake. Output is any fluid that comes out of the body. That's primarily urine, but it could also be emesis (vomit). It could be blood, it counts as 50 mls. Now, let's move on to the calculations. You want to add up all the inputs and outputs separately, and then subtract the total output from the total input to get the net fluid balance. This will tell you if the patient is retaining fluid or losing it. Keep in mind that a positive fluid balance could indicate fluid overload or kidney problems, while a negative balance could indicate dehydration. It's important to carefully monitor and document all fluids, so we can accurately assess the patient's condition. Remember to always record everything in milliliters to maintain consistency. Ice chips, I have 50 ml of water. Okay. Up next, we are talking about two crucial concepts to understand for nursing school: fluid volume deficit (not enough fluid) and fluid volume excess (too much fluid). So let's start talking about deficit first. If you see here on card 93, that is a lot of red, bold text. That sure does mean you need to know it. Very, very, very important. So, signs and symptoms. The two big ones I want to call your attention to are hypotension (meaning low blood pressure) and tachycardia. Remember, I don't have enough fluid, so my vascular volume has dropped, meaning the resistance against my vessels has dropped, which means that my blood pressure has fallen. So what does my body do? It tries to compensate for that with tachycardia. It's trying to meet that cardiac output, which is heart rate times stroke volume. So if my stroke volume has gone down because I have less fluid, then my heart rate is going to go up, compensatory tachycardia. Now, when you feel their pulse, right, it's going to be fast but weak and thready. Think of water just trickling through a garden hose. It's not putting forth very much pressure, so you'll feel it going fast, but it's going to be weak. Very important to understand that. Now, in terms of labs and diagnostics, your patients are going to have an elevated hematocrit, an elevated blood osmolality, elevated BUN, elevated urine-specific gravity, and elevated urine osmolality. So all of these numbers are going up. Why? Because the fluid volume is going down. So if I have five particles in a solution, that's my normal lab, and then as the solution volume drops, it seems like there's more of that, right? Proportionately there's more, so as the volume of the plasma drops, these labs are going to go up. Very important to understand that, as well. So we're going to treat this with IV fluids, usually isotonic, and we're going to notify the provider if the urine output drops to less than 30 mls per hour. We've already reached a decreased urine output if we get to that point, but when we fall below 30 mls per hour, this should be a big red flag in your mind that we have a serious problem. So that is fluid volume deficit. Okay. Let's move on to fluid volume excess. Now, this is a common scenario that you will often encounter in patients: fluid volume overload. One example of this is a patient with heart failure, where the heart is enlarged and weakened, resulting in poor cardiac output. This creates a congestion, leading to an excess of fluid volume in the body. Regardless of the cause, the signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess can include weight gain, as fluid adds weight, and edema, which is swelling. It is important to note that tachycardia, a rapid heart rate, will still be present due to inadequate blood flow. However, hypotension (low blood pressure) will not be observed; in fact, hypertension (high blood pressure) is more likely due to the increase in fluid volume. More vascular resistance means higher BP. Now, I can have other things like dyspnea, shortness of breath, crackles in the lungs on auscultation, jugular vein distension, fatigue, bounding pulses. So when I feel it, it's going to be very strong. Think of fluid, of water gushing through a garden hose, right? Very strong, I can feel it from the outside very well. Labs, these things are all going to go down: hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum osmolality, urine-specific gravity, right? It's diluting everything. More fluid volume means I'm diluting the particles in solution, so all of those values will fall. We can treat this with diuretics. We can also do procedures to pull off fluid, like a paracentesis. A big, big thing here in bold and red is that we need to report a weight gain of 1 to 2 pounds in 24 hours or 3 pounds in a week. That is a lot. Think of 2.2 pounds is one kilogram. 1 kilogram is 1 liter of fluid. That's a lot of fluid. So if my patient gains 2 pounds in a day, I need to tell the provider, and I need to educate my patient to do the same at home. Okay. So that is it for osmolality of solutions, talking about fluid volume balance, calculating I's and O's, and fluid volume deficit and excess. I hope that review was helpful. This is very, very, very important content for your nursing exams and for the NCLEX, so really be familiar with these concepts. You've got to know them backwards and forwards. If you have any questions or really cool ways to remember things, I would love it if you would leave me a comment. If you like this video, please like it on YouTube, and be sure you subscribe to our channel. You want to be the first to know. We have new videos coming. We've got electrolytes and electrolyte imbalances up next, plus a whole lot more content headed your way. Thanks so much, and happy studying.