Electrolytes and Electrolyte Imbalances

Okay. So first up, we're going to be talking about calcium, which is very important for a lot of body functions. I want to point out to you here on this card, we have a lot of red and bold text, which you're going to see on all the electrolyte cards. This means that this is incredibly important information for you to know for your nursing school exams and for the NCLEX, along with clinical practice. So the normal range for calcium is going to be 9 to 10.5 mEq/liter. Very important to know that. Hypercalcemia is anything over 10.5. Hypocalcemia is anything under the 9. So a couple of things I want to point out. I'm not going to go into too much detail. But one of the causes of hypercalcemia, too much calcium, is prolonged immobility or hyperparathyroidism. Now, when we talk about hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism is one of the causes, along with decreased Vitamin D intake and diarrhea. But what I want to point out to you here for hypocalcemia is that two of the findings are bold and red. It's going to be positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. So Chvostek's is tapping on the cheek and seeing the muscle twitch. Trousseau's is having the blood pressure cuff on the arm and seeing the arm kind of go into spasm and tetany. Very important to know these for your nursing exams. I would encourage you, as well, if you don't already have our lab values deck, this would be a great time to get that lab values deck because it covers the normal ranges of all of the labs, along with a lot of other considerations, why tests are run, and so forth. All right. Let's move on. Next up, we're going to talk about magnesium. So you can see here on the card that our normal range is 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/liter. Anything less than 1.3 is going to be hypomagnesemia. Anything greater than 2.1 is hypermagnesemia. One of the biggest things that I want to point out to you here is the deep tendon reflexes. When you have hypermagnesemia, too much magnesium, you're going to have decreased deep tendon reflexes. If I have too little magnesium, hypomagnesemia, then I'm going to have increased deep tendon reflexes, and I'm also at risk for seizures. So definitely pay attention to the inverse relationship there between magnesium levels and deep tendon reflexes. Okay. Now we're moving on to potassium. Now, potassium is one of these lab values that I'm going to say you need to highlight it, star it, underline, know everything about it. The normal range is going to be 3.5 to 5 mEq/liter. Anything less than 3.5 is hypokalemia. Anything above 5 is going to be hyperkalemia. Now, why is potassium so important? Potassium helps to regulate muscle function. What is one of the most important muscles in our body? Hint: it's your heart. Sorry. That's not a hint. That's a spoiler. But it's your heart. So when you think potassium, you need to think of the heart. And we actually even have a cool chicken hint right here, which I think is awesome. Potassium, the symbol for potassium is K, so our hint here is K is for cardiac. It helps you to remember to assess the cardiovascular status. So big, big things here are going to be that any time we have a patient who has a potassium imbalance, we need to be thinking about their heart, looking at their heart, and seeing any abnormalities in their cardiovascular function. All right. Let's move on to sodium. Sodium, again, is one of these lab values, one of these electrolytes that is very important, and you need to know everything about it. So the normal range for sodium is going to be 136 to 145 mEq/liter. Anything less than 136 is hyponatremia. Anything above 145 is hypernatremia, too much sodium. Now, we have another really cool chicken hint here which is N, you know Na - so sodium's symbol is Na - so Na is for neurological. So you need to be assessing the neurological status of anybody who has a sodium imbalance. Sodium has a lot to do with regulating water and fluid balance in our bodies, so any disruption in that can cause changes to our fluid balance. The situation, though, presents when we have a significant disruption in that fluid balance is going to affect the fluid balance within our brains as well. So you need to be thinking about neurological status, and you'll see here that we even have on hyponatremia, bold and red, seizures. Seizures are possible, so you should be thinking, "Maybe my patient should be on seizure precautions." Okay. So that is it for electrolytes and electrolyte imbalances. Very important. And like I said, I would really recommend getting our lab values deck. I think that's going to help you a lot. And when you get to med-surg, and you get much more in-depth with these fluids and electrolytes and acid-base balance, I would say you should definitely get the med-surg deck as well. If you like this review, thought it was helpful, I would love it if you could like this video. Be sure to leave me a comment if you can think of a better way to remember something. I absolutely want to hear it. And you definitely want to subscribe to the channel because you want to be the first to know when our next video drops. The next one in this series is going to be talking about acid-base imbalances, which is a really important concept for Fundamentals and the rest of your program. So thanks so much, and happy studying.