Sentence Building Pretest Ch5

Sentence Structure: Simple Sentences A simple sentence has a subject and one main verb. It may also contain a describing phrase (or complement). The subject is the noun or pronoun that identifies the person place or thing the sentence is about. The verb tells the action done by the subject or explains its condition. These are examples of simple sentences: Subject Verb She studies. He runs. My dog is sleeping. My dog and cat are fighting. The subject in a simple sentence may be compound. That is two nouns may use the same verb in the sentence. A sentence may also have a describing phrase (or complement), but it does not have to have one. A describing phrase or complement gives additional information about the meaning about the subject or verb. Following are examples of simple sentences with describing phrases (or compliments). Note that the complements or phrases can function as adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and nouns. Subject Verb Describing Phrase or Complement loves He her. (pronoun) Her new car is super fast. (adjective phrase) Her major was English Literature. (noun phrase) She runs fast. (adverb) She owns her own tour business. (noun phrase) A complement can also be a verb phrase or a prepositional phrase. His girlfriend wants Professor Em is to buy a new car. (verb phrase) in the classroom. (prepositional phrase) You may also combine descriptive phrases. He Yusun wants bought to start a new business (verb phrase + on the internet. prepositional phrase) a new car yesterday. (noun phrase + adverb) Exercise 3.11 Write three descriptive sentences below using each of the nine sentence structures above. 1. __________________________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________________________ 3.__________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________ 5.__________________________________________________________________________ 6.__________________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________________ 8.__________________________________________________________________________ 9.__________________________________________________________________________ Sentence Structure: Subject-Verb Agreement A singular subject must be followed by a singular verb, and a plural subject must be followed by a plural verb. This rule is called subject-verb agreement. Examples: Her book is missing. (singular) Her books are missing. (plural) Her books and pens are missing. (plural) Each and every, when used with a singular noun, should be followed by a singular noun. Examples: Each pen is of the highest quality. (singular) Every pen is of the highest quality. (singular) The following subject nouns require a singular verb: everyone, anyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody, somebody, nobody, everything, anything, something, nothing, etc., should be used with a singular verb. Examples: Everyone is going to the party tonight. (singular) Anything is better than nothing at all. (singular) Something is wrong. (singular) Someone came by to see you. (singular) It is difficult sometimes to decide if a subject is singular or plural. This is especially true when there is additional information following the subject, but before the verb. The additional information is often written in a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase connects a subject to the rest of the sentence. It is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. A prepositional phrase usually tells where, when, how, or why. Thus a prepositional phrase works as an adverb or adjective. at my house at noon of my friends on Monday on the edge of town on the chairs of books under the table A prepositional phrase often comes after the subject of a sentence, but before the verb. The phrase is not a part of the subject, so it should not be used to determine for the form of the verb. Examples which use singular verbs: None of my friends is a student. The subject none is singular. One of his cars is red. Each of them wants to come. The subject one is singular. The subject each is singular. Phrases referring to amounts, measurements, and quantities use a singular verb. Examples: Five hundred won is all I have. The number of people here tonight is amazing! Three tablespoons of sugar is all I need. Examples which use plural verbs: Both of us are tired. Several of us are going to the cinema tonight. There are times when you will need to use the noun in the prepositional phrase to determine the correct verb form. This is true when using a lot, any, none, plenty, the majority, most, some, a number, a/the majority and all. If the noun in the prepositional phrase is a non-count noun, you should use a singular verb. If it is a plural noun, use a plural verb. If it is a singular noun, use a singular verb. On the following page is a chart of terms and their verb requirements: term + preposition noun verb plural noun singular plural plural plural singular any of each of none of either of neither of most of some of all of a lot of a/the majority of a number of plenty of the number of the majority of most of plenty of all of non-count noun singular some of a lot of none of Exercise 3.12 Fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Use the correct form of the verb in parenthesis. 1. The number of students at the university _______ (have) increased this year. 2. A lot of the problems on the test _______ (be) impossible to solve. 3. Most of my friends _______ (be) went home for the holidays. 4. Neither of my parents _______ (have) studied at university. 5. A majority of the voters _______ (be) not going to vote for him. 6. None of them _______(be) coming to the party tonight. 7. Each of them _______ (have) their own ideas. 8. The price of the pencils _______(be) 1000 won. 9. Something _______(need) to be done about the problems. 10. None of the coffee _______ (be) left. Exercise 3.13 Write ten sentences of your own using the terms in the chart on the previous page. 1._____________________________________________________ 2._____________________________________________________ 3._____________________________________________________ 4._____________________________________________________ 5._____________________________________________________ 6._____________________________________________________ 7._____________________________________________________ 8._____________________________________________________ 9._____________________________________________________ 10.____________________________________________________ Sentence Structure Exercise: Subject-Verb-Complement Exercise 3.14 Look at the sentences below and write S, V, or C above the subjects, verbs, and complements. Example: S V C My car is a Daewoo Leganza. 1. My hometown is Kyeongju. 2. Most of my classes are in English. 3. Seoul has over 12 million people living there. 4. Kyeongju is one of the many historical centers of Korea. 5. Happiness is a hike in the mountains. 6. The East Sea of Korea is a beautiful area. 7. Every one of the students is a delight to work with. 8. Chinese is a difficult language to learn to read and write. 9. Life is a bowl of cherries. 10. I am going to sleep. Sentence Structure Exercise: Compound Subjects Exercise 3.15 – Compound Subjects Rewrite each sentence using a compound subject. Example: Akiko is a student. Akiko and Maria are students. 1. My brother lives in an apartment in Paris. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. My mother speaks six languages. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. English is my favorite subject. _______________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.16 Rewrite the sentences below with a simple subject. 1. My friend and I want to go shopping. _________________________________________________________ 2. My oldest brother and my youngest sister are married. _________________________________________________________ 3. My mother and father live in Rome. _________________________________________________________ 4. My friends and I eat lunch in the student cafeteria. _________________________________________________________ Proofreading Exercise Exercise 3.17 Rewrite the following sentence fragments into complete sentences. Remember to use correct capitalization and punctuation. 1. I apartment ________________________________________________________ 2. study late every night _________________________________________________________ 3. works hard _________________________________________________________ 4. bob tall _________________________________________________________ 5. my university is _________________________________________________________ 6. this class difficult _________________________________________________________ 7. jim is _________________________________________________________ 8. don’t late _________________________________________________________ 9. doesn’t study very hard _________________________________________________________ 10. She is _________________________________________________________ 11.Before I go to school _________________________________________________________ 12. on weekends _________________________________________________________ Sentence Structures: Spelling Changes Simple present verbs require an –s added to the end to change their spelling to third person singular form. Examples: 1st and 2nd 3rd person person singular run walk sleep shop runs walks sleeps shops Examples: I walk to school every morning. She walks to school every morning. Verbs that end in with -ss, -z, -ch, -sh, and –x require an –es added to the end to change their spelling to third person singular form. Examples: 1st and 2nd 3rd person person singular watch push fix pass watches pushes fixes passes Examples: I box everyday for exercise. He boxes everyday for exercise. Verbs that end in with a consonant + y require that you change the y to i and add –es to change their spelling to third person singular form. { y + -ies } Examples: 1st and 2nd 3rd person singular person study fly try studies flies tries carry carries Examples: I try to get good grades. She tries to get good grades. Verbs that end in with a vowel + y require that you add –s to change their spelling to third person singular form. { y + s } Examples: 1st and 2nd 3rd person singular person pay play stay pays plays stays buy buys Examples: You buy on the best clothes. She buys only the best clothes. Exercise 3.18 Change the subject in the sentences below to third person singular. Use a person you know as the subject of the sentence. Correct the capitalization and punctuation. Write the changed and corrected sentences on the lines below. 1. you exercise every day _________________________________________________________ 2. i major in industrial design _________________________________________________________ 3. you enjoy going singing on the weekends _________________________________________________________ 4. i teach a class at a language institute _________________________________________________________ 5. you watch TV all night every night _________________________________________________________ 6. i never finish my homework before class _________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.19 Now write two similar sentences using your own words. 1.__________________________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph Correction Exercises: Integrated Review Exercise 3.20: Paragraph Correction Exercise 1 There are many mistakes in the following paragraph. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the paragraph on the lines below. there is many reason why insect are so successful at surviving. their ability to adapts allow them to live in extreme temperatures and environments. insect can eats a wide range of naturals and artificial foods. these include paints, pepper, glue, book, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. because they are small they can hide in tiny space. strong, hard but flexible shell called a exoskeleton cover their soft organs. it also protect them from chemicals, water and physical impact. their wing allow them to fly away from dangerous situation or toward food or mate. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.21: Paragraph Correction Exercise 2 There are many mistakes in the following paragraph. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the paragraph on the lines below. there is some very important things that childrens, need to keep in mind when they're on a computer at home or at school. First, they should never to give out personal information such as their name address school or telephone number. also, they should never sends a picture of themselves to someone they chats with on the computer without their parent's permission. they should never writes to someones who have made them feels uncomfortable or scared. also, they should not meets someone or has them visits them without the permission of their parents. the problem are that people sometimes misrepresent themselves on the Internet. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.22: Paragraph Correction Exercise 3 There are many mistakes in the following paragraph. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the paragraph on the lines below. pharmacists sells medicine to people who are sick, when doctor says that they need it. they tells peoples how to use the medicine correctly. sometimes, pharmacists mixes the medicine themselves most often, though, they sells medicines that has been made for them. Pharmacists usually works in drug stores. these store is clean and have a lot of light. Many pharmacist stands while they works. pharmacists often wear glove and masks when they work with things that could hurts them. some pharmacist work at night or on weekends. this are because sick peoples may needs medicine at any time. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Sentence Building Tools: because and so Because and so help us write cause and effect sentences. Because is used to give a cause or reason. So is used to give a result. Because and so can join 2 sentences. Example: Using because: I have a big test tomorrow. I want to study. Because I have a big test tomorrow, I want to study. I want to study because I have a big test tomorrow. Notice that if the reason (because) comes first, you must use a comma after it. Using so: I have a big test tomorrow. I want to study. I have a big test tomorrow, so I want to study. You must use a comma before so. Notice also, that you can not use so first - as you can with because. Exercise 3.23 Practice combining sentences using because and so. Write two sentences with because and one sentence with so. 1. I want to buy a car. I’m going to save some money. _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. I am late for class. I have to go. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. Jenny got an A+ in English. She studied very hard. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. I was really sick last week. I went to the doctor. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 5. I want to go to graduate school next year. I need to get good grades. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6. Jan went singing last night. She was sleepy in class today. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Paragraph Organization: Topic and Supporting Sentences When writing a paragraph, it is best to organize your thoughts before you start putting them in paragraph form. The topic sentence: There are several steps you should follow each time you write a paragraph. First, write several potential topic sentences that clearly state the main idea of your paragraph. Don’t worry about proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Then review the sentences and select the one that best states the topic. Finally, rewrite the topic sentence with proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Supporting sentences: Next, you should write many supporting sentences about the topic. Don’t worry about proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Then review the supporting sentences and make sure that they all support the main idea of the topic sentence. Cross out any sentences that do not support the main idea. Those sentences are irrelevant. Also cross out any sentences that may state the same ideas as other sentences, but in other ways. These sentences are redundant. Exercise 3.24 Write five possible topic sentences below about your experience at school. Don’t worry about proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. 1. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.25 Go back and select the best topic sentence. capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Rewrite it below with proper Topic Sentence: ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.26 Now write ten sentences about the main idea of the topic sentence. Don’t worry about proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. 1. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. _____________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.27 Go back and review the sentences above. Cross out any sentences that are irrelevant or redundant. Rewrite the best six sentences below with proper capitalization, punctuation, and grammar. Supporting sentences: 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.28 Use your topic and supporting sentences from above and put them in paragraph form below. Paragraph: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________