Astr Tessmann Student Reference

Some Solar System Objects’ Discoverers Object Type Discovered by: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn Planet Prehistoric humans… planets visible to the unassisted eye. Earth Planet Everybody! Ceres (d) Dwarf Planet Giuseppe Piazzi, January 1, 1801 Asteroid Belt Asteroids First discovered was Ceres, now classified as a Dwarf Planet Uranus Planet William Herschel, March 13, 1781 Neptune Planet First seen: Hohann Gottfried Galle, September 23, 1866; predicted by John Couch Adams, 1843 and Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, 1846 Pluto (d) Dwarf Planet Clyde Tombaugh, February 18, 1930 Charon Moon or possibly a Binary Dwarf Planetary System James Christy, June 22, 1978 The center of mass (barycenter) of the Pluto–Charon system is outside either body. Some argue that Charon should be more than just a moon of Pluto. Orcus Possible Dwarf Planet Chad Trujillo, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, February 17, 2004 Haumea (d) Dwarf Planet Quaoar Tessmann Planetarium About Our Universe... Our Solar System’s Planets and Dwarf Planets Planet or Dwarf Planet Moons (#) Mean Distance From Sun (kilometers) Mean Distance From Sun (miles*) Mean Distance From the Sun (AU**) Mean Diameter (kilometers) Mean Diameter (miles*) Mercury 0 57,909,100 35,983,035 0.39 4,878 3,031 Venus 0 108,208,930 67,237,891 0.72 12,104 7,521 Ortiz et al., Michael Brown, December 28, 2004 Earth 1 149,598,261 92,956,021 1.00 12,742 7,918 Possible Dwarf Planet Chad Trujillo, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, June 5, 2002 Mars 2 227,939,100 141,634,747 1.52 6,792 4,221 0 413,832,587 257,143,568 2.77 975 606 Dwarf Planet Chad Trujillo, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz March 31, 2005 Ceres (d) Makemake (d) Jupiter 67 778,547,200 483,766,652 5.20 139,822 86,881 Sedna Possible Dwarf Planet Chad Trujillo, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, November 14, 2003 Saturn 62 1,433,449,370 890,703,868 9.58 120,536 74,898 2007 OR10 Possible Dwarf Planet M. E. Schwamb, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, July 17, 2007 Uranus 27 2,876,679,082 1,787,484,958 19.23 51,118 31,763 13 4,503,443,661 2,798,309,291 30.10 49,528 30,775 Dwarf Planet Chad Trujillo, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, October 21, 2003 Neptune Eris (d) Pluto (d) 5 5,873,826,120 3,649,825,210 39.26 2,306 1,433 Kuiper Belt Comets, Asteroids and other small mass objects Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO) were suggested by Frederick C. Leonard in 1930; proposed by Kenneth Edgeworth in 1943; predicted by Gerard Kuiper in 1950; sometimes called the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Haumea (d) 2 6,452,472,193 4,009,379,099 43.13 1,436 892 Makemake (d) 0 6,850,253,969 4,256,549,159 45.79 1,500 932 Comets, Asteroids, and other small mass objects Proposed in 1932 by Ernst Opik; predicted by Jan Oort in 1950 based on comet orbital calculations. Eris (d) 1 10,123,314,322 6,290,333,943 67.67 2326 1,445 Oort Cloud 4 * Converting kilometers to miles = 0.621371 x kilometers. ** 1 AU = 1 Astronomical Unit = Mean Distance Earth to Sun = 149,598,261 kilometers = 92,956,021 miles Tessmann Planetarium 06-2012 More about Planets and Dwarf Planets Planet or Dwarf Planet Rings, Arcs, Ringlets, Divisions, Gaps (#) Rotation Period (days) Mercury 0 Venus Phases of Our Moon Orbital Period (years) Orbital Velocity (kilometers / hour Orbital Velocity (miles / hour) Earths (# based on volume) 58.65 0.24 172,332 107,082 0.0562 0 -243.02 0.62 126,072 78,337 0.8659 Earth 0 1.00 1.00 107,208 66,616 1.0000 Mars 0 1.03 2.14 86,677 53,859 0.1506 Ceres (d) 0 0.38 4.60 64,375 40,001 0.0004 Jupiter 4 0.41 11.86 47,052 29,237 1321.3504 Saturn 33 0.44 29.46 34,884 21,676 763.5915 Uranus 19 -0.72 84.32 24,516 15,234 63.0810 Neptune 9 0.67 164.79 19,548 12,147 57.7358 Pluto (d) 0 -6.39 248.09 16,798 10,438 0.0059 Haumea (d) 0 3.92 283.28 16,142 10,030 0.0014 Makemake (d) 0 0.32 309.88 15,908 9,885 0.0014 Eris (d) 0 1.08 557.43 12,370 7,686 0.0061 Our Sun, Our Star... Why do they change? Equivalent to 1,295,240 Earths based on volume. Mass = 2 x 1030 kg. Diameter = 1,390,480 km or 864,000 miles. Surface Temperature = 5,800o K or 9,980o F. Rotation Period = 27-31 days depending on latitude 70% hydrogen; 28% helium; 2% other. WHEN Neptune Position from Sun Pluto Position from the Sun Eris Position from Sun 1995 9th 8th 10th Core Temperature = 15,000,000C K or 26,999,5400 F. NOW 8th 9th 10th Luminosity = 3.8 X 1026 800 years from NOW 9th 10th 8th 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion st Newton’s 1 Law of Motion or “The Law of Inertia” or Force = 0 A body tends to keep moving in a straight line and a stationary body tends to stay put unless it is compelled to change because of some force. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion or “The Law of Force” or Force = mass x acceleration A force acting on a body will change the momentum of the body in the direction of the applied force. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion or “The Law of Reaction” or Force1 = —Force2 For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Measuring Planets, Moons and Other Round Things 3