NATs 1745: Midterm Exam Review - Chapters 5-6

‭EXAM REVIEW Chapters 5-6‬ ‭Chapter 5:‬ I‭dentify what made Galileo’s use of the telescope historically significant, while‬ ‭correcting the common misconception that Galileo invented the telescope.‬ ‭ alileo was the 1st astronomer to observe the sky with a telescope and to widely publicize‬ G ‭his observations. He did not make it.‬ ‭ xplain the purpose of a telescope and describe how it works, using the concept of‬ E ‭refraction, and understand what a ‘1m refractor’ refers to.‬ ‭Telescopes are used to make farther objects appear closer.‬ ‭●‬ ‭uses refraction through glass lenses to bring more light to the eye than the eye would‬ ‭receive on its own‬ ‭1m refractor:‬‭Glass primary lens, 1 meter in diameter.‬ ‭Explain the difference between a Galilean vs a Keplerian refractor.‬ ‭Galilean refractor:‬‭primary lens concentrates light, eyepiece re-focuses rays for the eye.‬ ‭ eplerian (modern) refractor:‬‭eyepiece is inverted, collecting more light from larger region‬ K ‭of sky (bigger, brighter images)‬ ‭Recount the story of Giordano Bruno and its historical significance.‬ ‭ runo, a Copernican,‬‭was burned at the stake for heresy, sending a strong message about‬ B ‭the ruthlessness of the Church. (For presenting scientific truths.)‬ ‭ escribe each of Galileo’s telescope observations discussed in this lesson and‬ D ‭explain why each observation contracted Aristotle’s teachings about our planetary‬ ‭system.‬ ‭Galileo's observations in Starry Messenger (1610):‬ ‭1.‬ ‭The Moon:‬‭surface has structure; celestial bodies are not perfect unblemished‬ ‭spheres‬ ‭2.‬ ‭The Milky Way:‬‭is not atmospheric (as Aristotle taught),‬‭but the combined light from‬ ‭millions of stars‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Planets & Stars:‬‭planets have disk shapes while stars‬‭remain point-like (it due to‬ ‭distance, explains lack of detectable stellar parallax)‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Discovered Jupiter's 4 brightest moons:‬‭(showed that‬‭if Jupiter can move with its‬ ‭moons, so can Earth)‬ ‭5.‬ ‭Venus:‬‭Venus changes its shape like the moon; only‬‭possible if venus orbits the sun‬ ‭6.‬ ‭Saw Saturn's ‘Ears’ (Ring):‬‭not all celestial bodies‬‭are perfect spheres‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Sunspots:‬‭indicative of surface blemishes (evidence of celestial imperfections)‬ ‭ xplain how Scripture was used to argue in favour of geocentrism, using the‬ E ‭examples provided in the lesson.‬ ‭●‬ G ‭ alileo's public support of heliocentrism invoked opposition to the Church,‬ ‭which held to geocentric statements in Scripture‬ ‭-‬ ‭Psalm 93:1: ‘The Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be‬ ‭moved.’‬ ‭ escribe Galileo’s attempt to counter the Church’s arguments in his letter to the‬ D ‭Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Also explain what happened to Galileo as a result of this‬ ‭incident.‬ ‭●‬ G ‭ alileo retaliated by publicizing arguments that Bible stories are parables and not‬ ‭meant to teach astronomy.‬ ‭-‬ ‭The Church banned Copernicus' book and issued a 1616 papal decree against‬ ‭heliocentrism, revealing its rejection of the idea.‬ ‭ escribe the format of Galileo’s book, The Dialogue, and explain why Galileo chose‬ D ‭this format.‬ ‭●‬ G ‭ alileo's book “The Dialogue”‬‭is set up like a play where an Aristotelian,‬ ‭"Simplicio," represents the Pope's views, while a Copernican offers witty arguments.‬ ‭It includes a disputed idea that ocean tides prove Earth's motion, previously rejected‬ ‭by the Pope.‬ ‭ xplain the Pope’s objections to The Dialogue and what happened to Galileo as a‬ E ‭result of this book. ‘‬ ‭●‬ T ‭ he Pope objected to "The Dialogue" for supporting heliocentrism, leading to‬ ‭Galileo's trial and lifelong house arrest.‬ ‭Describe how Galileo was finally vindicated in 1992.‬ ‭●‬ ‭Pope John Paul the 2nd issued a formal apology, Galileo was finally vindicated in‬ ‭1992.‬ ‭_________________________________________________________________________‬ ‭Chapter 6:‬ ‭ xplain why England became a major player in the advancement of science during the‬ E ‭reign of Queen Elizabeth I.‬ ‭●‬ 1 ‭ 7th century Church of England encouraged scientific innovation, particularly‬ ‭to support naval warfare and shipping‬ ‭ escribe the prevailing belief about space and planetary motion in 17th-century‬ D ‭western Europe and identify the philosopher who was responsible for advancing this‬ ‭belief‬ ‭Descartes: 17th C French philosopher and scientist:‬ ‭●‬ ‭reasoned that empty space does not exist, and that the celestial bodies are‬ ‭immersed in an invisible fluid‬ ‭●‬ ‭orbital motion is therefore driven by a vortex induced by a celestial body's spin‬ ‭ his is a heliocentric theory since the sun is the biggest object in the planetary‬ T ‭system, so the sun must have the largest vortex.‬ ‭●‬ ‭He believed that every star in the sky, like our sun, is the center of its own‬ ‭heaven.‬ ‭State the purpose of the Royal Society of England‬ ‭ oyal Society of England:‬‭To arrive at scientific conclusions, by following the scientific‬ R ‭method.‬ ‭ obert Hooke:‬‭as the Royal Society's Curator of Experiments,‬‭he tested theories in many‬ R ‭branches of science.‬ ‭ oyal Society's Preferred View:‬‭attributed planetary motion to an invisible attractive force‬ R ‭that acts across empty space (a 'gravitational attraction')‬ ‭ ooke’s experiment (planetary motion):‬‭simulated planetary motion with a suspended ball‬ H ‭representing a planet and a central string symbolizing gravity.‬ ‭ tate Hooke’s two suppositions about gravity discussed in the lecture and provide an‬ S ‭example of each to illustrate their meaning.‬ ‭1.‬ G ‭ ravity Is universal -‬‭Such as the earth's gravitational attraction across space to‬ ‭keep the moon attracted in orbit.‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Gravity weakens with distance from its source- If the Moon was closer to Earth‬ ‭it will be stronger gravitational pull, result in faster orbits.‬ ‭ xplain the purpose of Calculus and its importance to proving Newton’s law of‬ E ‭gravity.‬ ‭ ewton Invented calculus:‬‭A Mathematical language that allows us to describe how‬ N ‭quantities change. Describes motion.‬ ‭ alculus was key to proving Newton's law of gravity:‬‭Helped calculate planetary orbits‬ C ‭and gravitational forces, confirming the evidence for universal gravitation.‬ ‭Define dispersion, provide an example, and use it to explain relating to Newton:‬ ‭Dispersion:‬‭Splitting of light into its component‬‭colours.‬ ‭‬ E ● ‭ .G:‬‭Sunlight passing through a glass prism splits into a spectrum of colors.‬ ‭●‬ ‭The reflecting telescope by Newton‬‭uses mirrors instead‬‭of glass lenses to avoid‬ ‭dispersion‬ ‭ ist the optical components of a Newtonian telescope and explain the role of each‬ L ‭component‬ ‭ rimary Mirror:‬‭Light comes in from the left, and reflects off of this curved mirror. (Captures‬ P ‭more light cause of its size)‬ ‭Secondary Mirror:‬‭Flat mirror that directs the reflection onto your eye‬ ‭Small glass Lens:‬‭The raise needs to be returned to‬‭parallel‬ ‭ he largest modern telescopes are reflecting telescopes‬‭since large glass lenses with‬ T ‭warp due to weight.‬ l‭iquid reflecting telescope:‬‭A cost-effective method for large reflective telescopes with‬ ‭minimal maintenance. (Moon)‬ ‭ xplain the importance of identifying the rate at which gravity weakens with‬ E ‭distance, including the difference between an inverse-law and an inverse-square‬ ‭law and why the inverse-square law was the more plausible theory.‬ ‭ he rate at which gravity weakens with distance‬‭is important for understanding celestial‬ T ‭body behavior.‬ I‭nverse-law:‬‭Quantity that decreases with distance‬ ‭Inverse-square:‬‭The force of gravity weakens faster‬‭with distance‬ ‭ n inverse-square law was suspected since it was known to lead to Kepler's 3" law (and light‬ A ‭weakens at the same rate)‬ ‭ xplain what led Newton to reject the Cartesian worldview and Hooke’s role in‬ E ‭influencing Newton to prove the inverse-square law of gravity.‬ ‭-‬ ‭ ewton rejected Cartesian views for their limitations in explaining celestial motion,‬ N ‭while Hooke's inverse-square law proposal motivated Newton to develop his own‬ ‭theory of gravity.‬ ‭Achievements in Newton’s Principia listed below:‬ ‭ .‬ t‭ he proof of universal gravitation‬ 1 ‭-‬ ‭“Newton's Canon” - proved gravity by showing how a cannonball curves when fired‬ ‭horizontally.‬ ‭2.‬ ‭the measurements of the masses of Jupiter and Saturn, ‘gas giants’‬ ‭-‬ ‭Applied Kepler 3rd law to the orbital parameters of their moons‬ ‭-‬ ‭Used the planet's mass to determine low-density gas giants‬ ‭3.‬ ‭the explanation for Earth’s precession‬ ‭-‬ ‭ arth's precession is due to the net gravitational pulls of the Sun, Moon & planets on‬ E ‭Earth's equatorial bulge‬ ‭4.‬ ‭the cause of Earth’s tides, including the cause of spring tides and neap tides‬ -‭ ‬ ‭tides are due to the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth's oceans. (Sun is lesser extent)‬ ‭-‬ ‭Spring tides due to the moon and sun aligned pull‬ ‭-‬ ‭Neap tides due to moon and sun right angle pull‬ ‭5.‬ ‭the correct model of the Moon’s orbit, using the concept of centre of mass‬ ‭-‬ ‭Orbiting objects orbit the center of mass of their system, explains deviation in moons‬ ‭orbit.‬ ‭Explain how Halley’s Comet was used to prove Newton’s Law of Gravity.‬ ‭ ewton proposed that comets have elongated elliptical orbits around the Sun. The comet‬ N ‭displayed the universality of the law of gravity, following Kepler's 3 laws.‬