Sociology Final Exam Review 1. What are benefits of the monitoring system? Adult children can monitor an aging parent or relative remotely via cellular connections, seeing if they go outside or get home safely after short drives. (Ch.16 pg.343) 2. Genetic testing is on the lines of biotechnology: “In Medicine, biotechnology includes genetic testing/ screening that can determine a child’s biological parents, a person’s ancestry, inherited disorders, and the chance of developing or passing on a genetic disease”. (Ch.16 Pg. .342) 3. Which Stage of Social Movements involves formation of bureaucracy? Institutionalization Stage (Ch.16 Pg.338) 4. Revolutionary: Social movement that involves completely changing everyone. (Ch.16 Pg.336) 5. Conventional Crowd: A group of people that assembles for a specific purpose and follows established norms. (Ch.16 Pg.334) 6. Fad Example: College students having a lava lamp in the 1970’s. (Ch.16 Pg.331) 7. Mass Hysteria Example: During covid 19 we had multiple people buying bulk of toilet paper and there was never a shortage. (Ch.16 Pg.330) 8. Gossip: Rumors, often negative, about other people’s personal lives. (Ch.16 Pg.329) 9. Emergent Norm Theory: Crowd members establish rational behavioral norms in response to a precipitating crisis. (Ch.16 Pg.328) 10. Reasons for nonmarital childbearing: (Ch.12 Pg.239)  Incorrect use of contraceptives  changing attitudes  demographic variables 11. Infidelity: Microlevel reasoning for divorce (Ch.12 Pg. 235) 12. Polyandry: One woman married to two or more men. (Ch.12 Pg.234) 13. Polygyny: One man married two or more women. (Ch.12 Pg.234) 14. Matrilocal Residence Pattern: Newly married couples live with the wife’s family. (Ch12. Pg.233) 15. Patrilocal Residence Pattern: Newly married couple live with the husband’s family. (Ch.12 Pg.233) 16. The oldest male would have control over cultural, pollical aspects and economic resources and power over the females. (Ch.12 Pg.233) 17. Five Functions that ensure a society’s survival: (Ch.12 Pg.231)  Sexual Activity  Procreation and socialization  Economic opportunity  Emotional Support  Social Class Placement 18. Nuclear Family: A family form composed of married parents and their biological or adopted children. Whos considered? Parents, Siblings. (Ch.12 Pg.232) 19. Endogamy: Marrying within one’s group (Ch.12 Pg..232) 20. Exogamy: Marrying outside one’s group (Ch.12 Pg..232) 21. Modern Minority Group: is Asian Americans (Ch.10) 22. Largest Minority Group: is Latino (Ch.10) 23. Individual Discrimination: Unequal treatment on a one-to-one basis. (Ch.10 Pg.190) Example: A coworker that decides not to invite a fellow colleague that’s of difference race. 24. Institutional Discrimination: Unequal treatment because of a society’s everyday laws, policies, practices, and customs. (Ch.10 Pg.190) Example: A bank not giving loans to a particular race 25. Genocide: Systemic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. (Ch10. Pg.187) 26. Acculturation: The process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture. (Ch.10 Pg.188) 27. Dominant Group: Achieve the highest social status, need not to be the largest in number, holds the most in economic and political power (Ch.10 Pg.187) 28. Minority: Sociologists describe Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, native Americans as minorities. (Ch.10 Pg.187) 29. Statements about Bottled Water: (Ch.15 Pg.319)  FDA allows bottles to be contaminated with small amounts of organisms  Microbes can attach to plastic and multiply  Most empty bottled waters in up in land fields or oceans 30. Malthus posited that two types of checks affect population size. (Ch.15 Pg.309) Positive Checks: (Famine, disease, war) limit reproduction, raise the death rate, and lower the overall population Negative Checks: (Contraception, postponing marriage, abortion, and extramarital sex) also limit reproduction by reducing birth rates and, consequently, ensure a higher standard of living for all. 31. Gender Expressions: How a person communicates gender identity to others. (Ch.9 Pg.163) Example: Cross-Dressing is expressing which gender you assign yourself to. 32. Intersexual: A person whose sex at birth isn’t clearly either male or female. (Ch.9 Pg.161) 33. Sexual Identity: An awareness of ourselves as male or female and how we express our sexual values, attitudes, and feelings. (Ch.9 Pg.162) 34. If we had a scenario that spoke about society survival aligns with functionalist perspective. 35. Stanley Milgram: Research project found that ordinary people obeyed authority figures to inflict pain on other people. (Ch.6 Pg.104) 36. Authoritarian Leader: Gives orders, assigns tasks, and makes all major decisions. (Ch.6 Pg.103) 37. Reliability: The consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time. (Ch.2 Pg.24) 38. Validity: The degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure. (Ch.2 Pg.24) 39. Climate Change has a huge impact on our ecosystem. (Ch.15 Pg.319) 40. New Urban Sociology: Views urban changes as largely the result of decisions made by powerful capitalists and high-income groups. (Ch.15 Pg.315) 41. Urban Ecology: Studies the relationships between people and urban environments (Ch.15 Pg.314) 42. Advanced Industrial Society: Transitional stage theory. The decrease in childcare responsibilities, in turn, enables women to work outside the home. Brazil, Mexico, and some Asian countries are currently in stage 3. (Ch.15 Pg..309) 43. Replacement Rate: How many Children a women should have to keep the population stable.2 Kids (Ch.15) 44. Monarchy: Power is based on heredity and passes from generation to generation. (Ch.11 Pg.219) 45. Democracy: A political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and it’s actions. (Ch.11 Pg.218) 46. What are government expected to do?  Maintain order  Regulate the economy  Ensure the residence safety 47. If the richest exploits the other groups, it aligns with the conflict perspective. 48. If we have a scenario with gender roles it aligns with feminist perspective 49. Conglomerate: Kraft food is an example (Ch.11 Pg.208) 50. Economy: Determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services. (Ch.11 Pg.205) 51. Offshoring: sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company’s costs at home. (Ch.11 Pg.209) 52. Father of sociology: Auguste Comte (Ch.1) 53. W.E.B. Dubois: believed in a valued free sociology, believed that we should give people facts and allow people to make that choice for themselves (Ch.1 Pg.12) 54. Sexual Harassment: Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work. (Ch.9 Pg.168) 55. Heterosexism: Belief that heterosexuality is the only legitimate sexual orientation. (Ch.9 Pg.165) 56. False Consciousness: An acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression. (Ch.13 Pg.277) 57. Sacred: Anything that people see as awe-aspiring, supernatural, holy, and not part of the natural world. (Ch.13 Pg. 269) 58. Meritocracy: A system that rewards people because of their individual accomplishments. (Ch.13 Pg.266) 59. Implicit Bias: Unconscious prejudices or stereotypes that affect our attitudes, actions, and decisions. (Ch.13 Pg.262) 60. Education: People can get certifications when they have completed educated courses in specific fields. (Ch.13) 61. Credentialism: An emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications. (Ch.13 Pg.258) Example: Going in to doctor in seeing their degree on the wall. 62. Hidden Curriculum: School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs. (Ch.13 Pg.258) 63. Poverty: Condition that people do not have enough money to maintain basic standards of living (Ch.8) 64. What Does Socioeconomic Status Include Per Person:  Based on income  Education  Occupation 65. George Herbert Mead: Thought that children learned to see perspectives from others through role taking (Ch.4 Pg.67) Example: Pretend Play 66. Looking- Glass Self: A self-image based on how we think others see us. (Ch.4 Pg.66) 67. Cultural Universals: Customs and practices that are common to all societies (Ch.3 Pg.48) 68. Values: The standards by which people define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly. (Ch.3 Pg.44) 69. Symbolic Theorists: Believed that illnesses and diseases are socially constructed. (Ch.14 Pg.294) 70. Examples of Lifestyle Factors That We Can Change: (Ch.14. Pg.288)  Smoking  Substance Use  Obesity  STI 71. Environmental Factor: Putting ourselves at risk for the Noro virus (Ch.14) 72. Demographics: (Ch.14)  Gender  Social Class  Race  Ethnicity 73. Social Epidemiology: Examines how societal factors affect the distribution of disease within a population. (Ch.14 Pg.283) 74. Health: The state of physical, mental, and social well-being. (Ch.14 Pg.283) 75. Healthcare: The prevention, management, and treatment of illness. (Ch.14 Pg.283) 76. Strain Theory: People may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals. (Ch.7 Pg.127) 77. Three Reasons Deviance Can Be Functionalist to Society: (Ch.7 Pg.126)  Affirms Cultural Norms and vales  Bolsters the Economy  Triggers Social Change 78. Differential Association Theory: Asserts that people learn deviance through interaction, especially with significant others. (Ch.7 Pg.132) 79. Social Exchange Theory: Proposes that individual seek through their interactions to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. (Ch.5 Pg.90) 80. Social Structure: An organized pattern of behavior that governs people’s relationships. (Ch.5 Pg.83) 81. Chinese government wanted to be more lenient with the one child policy in response to the burden of elder care. (Ch.3) 82. Sex Ratio: The proportion of men to women in a population. (Ch.15 Pg.306) 83. Life Expectancy: Average of expected number of years of life for people giving at that point and time (Ch.15) 84. Migrants: People who choose to leave their country to seek a better life elsewhere. (Ch.15 Pg.305) 85. Reasons Why the population has grown or declined: (Ch.15 Pg.303)  Fertility  Mortality  Migration 86. Demography: The scientific study of human populations (Ch.15. Pg.303) 87. Sexual Script: specifies the formal and informal norms for acceptable or unacceptable sexual behavior. (Ch.9 Pg.170)