Answer Key
Student Exploration: Ionic Bonds
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University:
Swansea University -
Course:
MN-1016 | Marketing for Business Academic year:
2022
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Pages:
17
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Student Exploration: Ionic Bonds
Vocabulary: chemical family, ion, ionic bond, ionization energy, metal, nonmetal, octet rule, shell, valence electron
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Nate and Clara are drawing pictures with markers. There are
8
markers in a
set
. Nate has
9
markers and Clara has
7
. What can Nate and Clara do so that each of them has a full set?
_________________________________________________________________________
Maggie is sitting at a table with Fred and
Florence
. Maggie has 10 markers, but Fred and
Florence
each have only 7 markers. How can they share markers so each has 8?
_________________________________________________________________________ Gizmo Warm-up
Just like students sharing markers, atoms sometimes share or swap electrons. By doing this, atoms form bonds. The
Ionic Bonds Gizmo allows you to explore how ionic bonds form.
To begin, check that Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) are selected from the menus at right. Click Play (
) to see
electrons orbiting the nucleus of each atom. (Note: These atom models are simplified and not meant to be realistic.)
Each atom consists of a central nucleus and several
shells
that contain electrons. The outermost electrons are called
valence electrons
.
How many valence electrons does each atom have? Sodium: ______ Chlorine: ______
Click
Pause
(
).
Elements can be classified as
metals
and
nonmetals
. Metals do not hold on to their valence electrons very tightly,
while nonmetals hold their electrons tightly.
Ionization energy is a measure of how tightly the valence electrons are held.
Try pulling a
valence
electron away from each atom. Based on this experiment, which atom is a metal?
______________
Which is a nonmetal
? _______________
Try moving an electron from the metal to the nonmetal. What happens? __________ Get the Gizmo ready:
Click
Reset
.
Check that
Activity A:
s
odium
Ions
and
c
hlorine
are still selected.
Introduction: Some of the particles that make up atoms have an electrical charge. Electrons are negatively charged,
while protons are positively charged. Particles with opposite charges
(+ and –) attract, while particles with the same charge (+ and + or – and –) repel.
Question: What happens when atoms gain or lose electrons? Count
:
Electrons
move around
the nucleus of atoms in specific
shells
, shown by the rings around the atoms in the Gizmo. The first ring holds
two
electrons,
and the second hold
s
eight
.
(
If you like, you can hide the inner electrons by selecting
Hide inner electrons
.)
Observe the sodium and chlorine atoms.
How
many electrons are there total in each atom?
Each atom is neutrally charged, which means that each atom has the same number of protons and electrons. Based on
this, how many protons are in each atom? Observe
:
Most atoms are stable with a configuration of eight valence electrons. This is known as the
octet rule
. How many
valence
electrons does each atom have?
Form a bond
:
Each electron has a charge of 1–, and each proton has a charge of 1+.
You can calculate the charge of an atom by subtracting the number of
electrons
from the number of
protons
.
Move an electron from the sodium to the chlorine atom.
What are the charges of each atom now? Sodium: _____
Chlorine: _____ Is each ion stable? Explain. ___________________________________________
Think and discuss
: Why is there an attraction between the two ions in this chemical bond? Get the Gizmo ready:
Click
Reset
.
Turn off
Show charge
.
Activity B:
Select
Ionic compounds
Lithiu
m (Li)
and
Oxygen
(O)
.
Question: How are ionic compounds formed? Observe
: Look at the purple lithium atom and the red oxygen atom. Recall that most atoms are stable when their outermost ring
has eight electrons. Some atoms, such as lithium and beryllium, are stable when their outermost ring has two electrons.
How many electrons will the lithium atom give up to become stable? _____________
How many electrons does the oxygen atom need to become stable? ____________
Can a stable compound be made from these two atoms? Explain why or why not.
Form bonds
:
Click
Add metal
to add another lithium atom, and then transfer electrons from the lithium to the oxygen. Click
Check
.
Did you make a stable compound? _______
T
urn on
Show formula
. What is the formula of this compound?
________________
Turn on Show charge
.
What
is the charge of each ion? Li _____ Li _____ O _____
Practice
:
Use the Gizmo to create stable compounds from the combinations
given below
.
After tran
sferring electrons, arrange the atoms to demonstrate the attraction between positively charged ions and negatively
charged ions.
Click
Check
to check each compound. Ionic charges Chemical formula
Lithium and fluorine:
Li
__
F
__
_________________
Beryllium and oxygen:
Be
__ O
__
_________________
Magnesium and fluorine:
Mg
__
F
__
_________________
Aluminum and chlorine:
Al
__
Cl
__
_________________
Beryllium and
nitrogen
:
Be
__
N
__
_________________ Get the Gizmo ready:
Select
Lithium (Li)
Extension:
from the
Select a metal
Chemical families
list.
You will need a
periodic table
for this activity.
Introduction: The periodic table arranges elements by size and property. The vertical columns represent chemical
families, or groups of elements with similar chemical properties.
Question: How are elements arranged into chemical families? Observe
:
Drag the nonmetal into the trash
(
)
so there is onl
y the one lithium atom visible.
How many valence electrons does lithium have? ______
Now look at your periodic table. Find lithium (Li) in the first column.
Other than lithium, which element from the Gizmo is
also
in this column? _____
_____
________
Choose this element. How many valence electrons does this element have? ______
Gather data
:
Four other pairs of elements in the same chemical family are listed below.
List
the number of valence electrons in each element.
Beryllium _____
Magnesium _____
Analyze
Nitrogen _____
Phosphorus _____
Oxygen _____
Sulfur _____
Fluorine _____
Chlorine _____ :
What pattern do you see? _____________________________________________
Make a rule
:
Based on
your data
, how are elements arranged into chemical families?
Infer
: Look at your periodic table.
How many valence electrons would you find for elements in each
family
?
Boron family: _____ Carbon family: _____
Neon family: _____
Think and discuss
: How do
you think
the number of valence electrons relate
s to an element’s chemical properties?
_________________
________________________
_______
Student Exploration: Ionic Bonds
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