Political Parties in the Gilded Age

History 1320 Notes Political parties in the Gilded Age ●​ Republicans: ➢​ White Anglo-Saxon protestants (WASPs), African Americans, Union veterans ➢​ Concentrated in the Northeast ➢​ Party or morality: abolition, prohibition of alcohol ➢​ Party a big business ➢​ Moderate on race, generally supportive of civil rights ➢​ Favored a strong. Active federal government ●​ Democrats: ➢​ Southern whites, ethnic immigrants (Irish, Germans, Italians), working class ➢​ Concentrated in the south ➢​ Party of the “common man” (especially the farmer) ➢​ Racist, unsupportive of civil rights ➢​ Favored states rights Gilded Age Presidents- Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William Mckinley Theodore Roosevelt ❖​ New York City -1858 ❖​ Illness ❖​ Rough riders ❖​ NY State Representative ❖​ Assistant Secretary of the Navy ❖​ Governor of New York ❖​ Vice President to William Mckinly ❖​ Strong Executive Branch ❖​ Martha Roosevelt (mother) Alice Lee Roosevelt (Daughter) Alice Hathaway Roosevelt (First wife) Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 ❖​ Three c’s ❖​ Controlling Big Business ❖​ Consumer protection ❖​ Conserving Natural Resources Controlling big business: Trust-Busting Rules in favor of Teddy Roosevelt ❖​ He went on to break up 44 companies including John Rocka Feelers Standard test ❖​ Fighting for the American people Controlling big business: 1902 Coal strike ❖​ United Mine Workers of America ❖​ Wage. hours, Union ❖​ Impending winter ❖​ 162 days ❖​ 10% increases ❖​ 10 hours to 9 hours “What about the constitution of the United States? What about seizing private property for public purposes without due process? The constitution was made for the people and not the people for the constitution!” Teddy Roosevelt(1902) 1904 Election Alton Parker (D) vs. Theodore Roosevelt (R) ➢​ The American people loved Teddy Roosevelt ➢​ He made a promise to the people in 1904 “ i will not run for president again” ➢​ Consumer protection: Meat Inspection Act (1906) and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Conservation National parks ❖​ 50 federal wildlife refuges ❖​ 5 national parks ❖​ 172 million acres of forest protected 1908 Presidential Election William Howard Taft (R) vs. William Jennings Bryan (D) William Howard Taft: 1909-1913 ❖​ 1913: 16th Amendment -​ Income tax ❖​ 1913: 17th Amendment -​ Direct election of senators He has undone a lot of the this Teddy Roosevelt did as he was president Theodore Roosevelt and the New Nationalism ❖​ Federal regulation of big business ❖​ Social welfare program ❖​ Direct democracy ❖​ Income tax ❖​ Workers Compensation ❖​ Minimum wage ❖​ Maximum hours ❖​ “Equal suffrage” 1912 Presidential Election William Howard Taft (R), Theodore Roosevelt (progressive/Bull Moose), Woodrow Wilson (D) Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom ❖​ Lowering tariffs ➢​ Underwood-Simmons tariff(1913) ➢​ Reduces tariffs and provided taxes ❖​ Trust-busting ➢​ Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) ➢​ Prevented businesses from getting too big ➢​ He doesn't trust banks and putting regulations on the stock market ❖​ Break up Wall Street ➢​ Federal Trade Commission (1914) He opposed to women’s suffrage He was forced to support the women Theme: The idea of the government intervening Equal opportunity Yalta Conference ●​ February 4-11. 1945 ●​ “The big three” ●​ Winstin church hill prime minister of Great Britain ●​ FDR ●​ Joseph Stalin ●​ Soviet Union vs. Japan ●​ Germany? ●​ Soviet influence ●​ FDR wants to start the war ●​ Will cooperation carry over? East Germany would go to the soviet union ●​ FDR did not live to see the end of the war he died April 12, 1975 ●​ He was replaced by the most recent vice president Harry S Truman -​ Harry Truman had proceed with every president ever V-E Day ●​ “Visctory Europe” ●​ May 8, 1945 The Holocaust ●​ 1933-1945 ●​ “ Final Solution” through mass Murder/genocide ●​ Concentration camps across Europe -​ Jews -​ Gypsies -​ “Homosexuals” -​ Political opponents -​ Jehovah’s witnesses -​ Disabled ●​ 6 million Jews and millions more in total 11 million was the total ●​ What did the us and the rest of the world know? Jews were trying to enter us but they passed a law that they couldn’t ●​ Israel-May 14, 1948 They established a nation-state of Israel but is was already a state there Palestine, but Israel is taking it over Manhattan project 1942 2.2 billion There were billion going into the Manhattan project He is not keeping this undercover he will use the weapon and Stalin needs to be very careful of what he does ●​ He is threatening Japan ●​ ●​ ●​ ●​ Bombing of Japan Hiroshima ●​ August 6, 1945 ●​ 80,000 instantly disappeared Nagasaki ●​ August 9, 1945 ●​ 40,000 instantly V-J Day (September 2. 2945) ●​ Europe ●​ Pacific ●​ War finally ended The Cold War ●​ 1947-1991 ●​ United States vs. soviet union ●​ Capitalism/Democracy vs. communism/ Authoritarianism ●​ Why do we call it the “cold” War? ●​ No private property, no private businesses the government owns everything George Kennan and containment ●​ “ the Long telegram” -1947 -​ 8,000 words ●​ Policy of containment ●​ Stop the spread ●​ Stalin is crazy there not talking or negotiating ●​ Communism is law as a system ●​ Communism is so flawed if you keep it from spreading it will fizzle out Containment and economics Truman Doctrine(1947) ●​ Problems in Greece and Turkey It was a civil war in Greece -​ Greek Civil was (1946-1949) -​ Britain ●​ $400 million to stabilize the economy in Greece and it worked Marshal Plan(1948) ●​ Secretary of state George c.Marshall ●​ A problem in Europe is that everything is gone ●​ They pump money into Europe to strengthen their economy to prevent communism ●​ 13.3 billion Postwar” American Dream For whom? Marshal's plan is to help Reality: Invisible groups left behind ●​ Non-white ●​ Rural ●​ Elderly ●​ Disabled Truman and civil right ●​ President Committee on Civil Rights -​ Executive order 9808 -​ December 5, 1946 The job is to study what the causes are ●​ To secure these rights -​ 1947 -​ 178 pages ●​ Racial discrimination is -​ Politics -​ Society -​ Employment -​ Housing -​ Education ●​ Truman to Congress; Fix this -​ Conservatives in Congress: no -​ Truman says heres the laws do it and they said no ●​ Executive order 9981 -​ July 26, 1948 -​ Desegraget the military is allowed to do this because he is the head of the military The Fair Deal “Every segment of our population and every individual has a right to expect from our Government a Fair Deal.” – Harry Truman (1949) ●​ Increase in minimum wage -​ $0.40 -$0.75 ●​ Full employment ●​ Expansion of social security to 25 million more people ●​ Increased federal aid for education(rejected) ●​ Universal health insurance(rejected) ●​ ●​ ●​ ●​ Housing programs(Rejected) Fair employment practices Anti-lynching laws Ending poll taxes 1948 Democratic National Convention ●​ ●​ ●​ ●​ 39-40% approval Henry Wallace: Left-wing progressive Harry Truman: FDR liberal, cold war Shifts in the party: -​ Democrats adopt civil rights platform “ My friends, to those who say that we are rushing the issue of civil rights, I say to them we are 172 years late. To those who say that this civil-rights program is an infringement on states’ rights, I say this: The time has arrived in America for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states’ rights and to walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights.” – Hubert Humphrey Strom Thurmond and Dixiecrats ●​ Delegates from AL and MS ●​ “Dixecrate” -​ States rights democratic party ●​ Strom Thurmond ●​ Democratic governor of SC(1947-1951) ●​ Democratic senator of SC(1956-1963) ●​ Republican senator of SC(1064-2003) -​ 100 years Importance of the 1948 election ●​ The Democratic party now OFFICIALLY supports civil rights in its platform -​ Liberal democratic-expand and protect civil right -​ Conservative democrats-segregationists ●​ The democratic party is coming less southern -​ Liberal democrats-north -​ Conservative democrats -south ●​ The democratic party changed its position on the federal government -​ Liberal democrats- stang federal government, less power to the states -​ Conservative democrats: Holding onto”states rights” ●​ 1960 -​ Conservative democrats start eyeing the republican party Theme: Mining communism The attempts and obstacles of making progress Progressive Diplomacy, World War I, and American Society: 1917 - 1920 ❖​ Teddy Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” ➢​ Diplomacy vs. Military Action ❖​ William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” ➢​ Invest money in other nations ➢​ To protect American interests ❖​ Woodrow Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy ➢​ Democracy around the world ➢​ Save the world Tension in Europe Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - June 28, 1914 American “Neutrality” ❖​ Argument for the world (Minority) ➢​ The U.S had an obligation to spread and protect Democracy ➢​ Barbarianism of Germany ➢​ Economic ❖​ Arguments against the war ( Majority) ➢​ Conflict is Europe’s problem, not the US ➢​ Barbarianism of Germany ➢​ Economic (working class) who is this war benefiting really? That it can boost the American economy because they had to put in work Challenges to Neutrality ❖​ Lusitania and German U-boats ➢​ May 7, 1915 ➢​ 1,200 men, women, and children ➢​ 128 Americans ➢​ Wilson to Germany: “Stop” -Germany to Wilson “O.K” ➢​ Feb 1, 1917 ➢​ US serves ties They went back on their word and bombed anything they wanted ❖​ Zimmerman Telegram ➢​ January 17, 1917 ➢​ Germany to Mexico: “Whatcha think?” Germany tells Mexico is you take up arms against the United sates we will assist and they will get back all the land the US took from them. United States Enters World War I ❖​ Declared April 6, 1917 ❖​ Very unprepared ❖​ March 1917: ➢​ ~ 127,500 officers and soldiers ❖​ November 1918: ➢​ ~5 million “The worls must be made safe for democracy….. Its peace must be planted upon the testes foundations of political liberty” - Woodrow Wilson (1917) Mobilization Selective Service Act (1917) ❖​ May 18, 1917 ❖​ Men between 21-45 ❖​ 24 million registered Constitutional? Yes ❖​ Article I, Section 8 ➢​ “Congress shall have the power to raise and support Armies” ❖​ Wayte v. United States (1985) Resistance ❖​ Emma Goldman ❖​ 1917: No conscription League ❖​ “ We oppose conscription because we are internationalists and opposes to all wars waged by capitalistic governments,” ❖​ Arrested and charged with conspiracy to “Induce persons not to register “ ❖​ $25, 000 bail Mobilization lever Food and Fuel Control Act (1917) ❖​ Food Administration ❖​ Conservation, supply, distribution ❖​ Transportation ❖​ Harding ❖​ Power over food War industries Board (1917) ❖​ Type, amount, and production ❖​ Standardize goods ❖​ Fix prices ❖​ Constitutional? -​ Partnership or regulation The Great Migration ❖​ Labor shortage ❖​ Recruitment ❖​ 400,00 ❖​ 1910-1930 -​ The black population in the North tripled “To die from the bite of frost is far more glorious that ant the hands of a mob.” ➢​ Chicago defender African American Troops in WWI ❖​ 370,00 ❖​ Segregated units ❖​ “World safe for democracy” “Let us have a real democracy for the United States and then we can advise a horse cleaning over on the other side of the water” ➢​ Afro-American Women and World War I ❖​ 30,000 ❖​ Army and Navy Corps ❖​ Young, single women After the War “The same Partriotism which induced women to enter industry during the war should induce them to vacate their positions after the war” - New York Labor Union (1919) Black women in World War I ❖​ Administrators ➢​ The Golden 14 ❖​ Drivers ➢​ Motor Corps ❖​ Nurses ➢​ 1,800 volunteered ➢​ 18 US Army Nurse Corps ➢​ Aileen Cole Stewart “The story of the Negro Nurse in World War I is not spectacular. We arrived after the Armistice was signed, which alone was anticlimactic. We had no opportunity for service above and beyond the call of duty.’ But each one of us, in the course of our professional relationships, did contribute quietly and with dignity to the idea that justice demands professional equality for all qualified nurses.” - Aileen Cole Stewart Mobilization Committee on Public Information (CPI) ❖​ Public opinion ❖​ George creel ❖​ Academics, Journalists, artists ❖​ Pamphlets, posters, advertisements, speeches, and films Mobilization: Censorship ❖​ Espionage Act (1917) ➢​ Spying ➢​ Interference with draft ➢​ “False statements” ❖​ Sedition Act (1917) ➢​ “Contempt, scorn, or disrepute” on the “form of government” 2,000 ➢​ $10,000 and up to 20 years constitutional? ➢​ Schenck v. United States (1919) ➢​ “Clear and present danger” Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles ❖​ Armistice Day ➢​ November 11, 1918 ❖​ Anger and Reparations ➢​ 10% of territory ➢​ 33 billion ➢​ To much? Wilosn’s 14 points League of Nations ➢​ International organization that can come together and solve their problem instead of bringing the army into it Themes Change and resistance in the 1920s Postwar Anxiety and chaos ❖​ Bolshevik Revolution ➢​ 1917-1923 ➢​ Vladimir Lenin ➢​ Soviet Union 1922 ❖​ First Red Scare ➢​ 1917-1920 ❖​ Labor Unrest ➢​ 1919: a million ❖​ Palmer raids (1920) ➢​ A, Mitchell Palmer, and the FBI ➢​ 250 deported and 10,000 arrested ➢​ American Civil Liberties Union ➢​ Constitutional? Great Influenza Pandemic ❖​ “Spanish Flu” misnomer ❖​ Britain ❖​ France ❖​ Kansas ❖​ 1918-1920 ❖​ H1N1 ❖​ Global World War 1: 16 million ❖​ Global influenza pandemic: 50 million ❖​ Americans- World War 1: 116,5116 1920 economic/ consumer changer ❖​ Consumerism ❖​ Credit card ❖​ Advertisement ❖​ CPI ❖​ Celebrity ❖​ Silent movies ❖​ Radio ❖​ Spectator sports Automobile ❖​ Henry ford ❖​ Does motor company(1903 ❖​ Model T (1908) ❖​ 1908 ~$850 ❖​ 1925~$250 ❖​ Assembly line ❖​ Physical, economic, and social change? Automobile mechanics ❖​ They had roads and houses for the automobile ❖​ Giving young people a lot more freedom 1920s Social changes Jazz age ❖​ F. Scott Fitzgerald ❖​ The Great Gatsby (1925) Anxiety: ❖​ Race ❖​ Music ❖​ Dancing ❖​ Drinking ❖​ Sex Prohibition ❖​ 18th Amendment ❖​ January 16, 1919 ❖​ Speakeasies or blind Tigers ❖​ Bootlegging ❖​ Mafia, gangsters, and organized crime ❖​ Al Capone “New women” ❖​ Flappers? ❖​ Challenged: ❖​ Victorianisim ❖​ Fashion ❖​ Sexuality African American Disillusionment “What though the hero warrior was black? His heart was white and loyal to the core “ New Negro” ❖​ African Locke ❖​ Harvard ❖​ “The New Negro”(1925) “The mind of the negros seems suddenly to have slipped for on under Harlem Renaissance ❖​ Harlem ❖​ 3 square miles ❖​ 175,000 ❖​ Black cultural reawakening ❖​ Self -determination ❖​ Pride ❖​ Social Consciousness ❖​ Activism “Social disillusionment to race pride”.- Alain Z Locke “ Expression of our individual dark-skinned selves” - Langston Huges Rise of Fascism ●​ Benito Mussolini ➢​ Italy ➢​ 1925-1943 ●​ He wants them to be isolated ●​ He will assume dictatorial power ●​ Adolph Hitler ➢​ Germany ➢​ 1933-945 ●​ Racial purity ●​ something happened in the early 30s the government of Germany let them down ●​ He thinks Jews are behind in financial struggle ●​ Jews run the banking and he said that why they are bad because he said they are controlling ●​ He played to people's desperation ●​ The German people and he are also looking for people to blame ➢​ Japan is rapidly building its military because it wants to expand its empire European theater Pacific Theater Should the U.S. Join the War? Arguments for ➢​ dangers of fascism ➢​ Obligation to help/defend our Allies ➢​ Could stimulate the economy Arguments Against ➢​ Economic - we are dealing with a Great Depression ➢​ This is not our conflict/WWI and how deadly it was ➢​ Nye Committee Nye Committee ●​ U.S. Senator from North Dakota Gerald P. Nye ●​ Special committer of investigation of the munitions industry ●​ Argument: Manufacturers of armaments influenced America to enter the war in 1917 and made huge profits at the expense of American lives ●​ Called who profited from WWI nicknamed “Merchants of Death” ●​ The 18-month investigation they discovered there was no conspiracy there was no evidence ●​ Just the accusation made the American people skeptical Merican solation ●​ Neutrality Acts -​ 1935 - prohibit the sale of war goods -​ 1937- told the American people they could not be on any ship that has engaged in the American war -​ Prohibit travel on Belligerent ships -​ 1939- Lifted embargo, established “cash and carry” (response to Germany’s invasion of Czechoslovakia) Germany stepped up their game and was very nurse Blitzkrieg- Lighting war ●​ Endless areal bombings ●​ London gets Hammered Lend-Lease Act ●​ March 1941 ●​ The president has unlimited authority to direct aid ●​ No more cash they landed weapons Pearl Harbor ●​ December 7. 1941 ●​ Result of US embargo on oil to Japan (94% reduction) ●​ 2,403 casualties -​ 68 civilians ●​ 19 US Naval ships -​ 8 battleships US Mobilizes for War Federal/Presidential power ●​ War Power Acts (1941) ●​ Direct war without congressional approval Economic Mobilization ●​ War production Boared (1942) ●​ Federal power to determine war production in private sector Office of Price Administration(OPA ) ●​ Executive order 8875 ●​ August 1941 ●​ Ceiling on prices ●​ Limit consumption (rationing) -​ Nolan was used for parachutes -​ Also known as stockings Rosey the drifter -​ Are going to be the face of women in the workplace Real Rosies ●​ 6 million in factories ●​ 3 million joined the Red Cross ●​ 200,00 in military -​ Women Army Corps (WAC) -​ Women Emergency Services (WAVES) African American in WWI ●​ 1 million men and women ●​ Segregated units -​ Few opportunities for combat -​ Tuskegee Airmen -​ Buffalo Soldiers Wartime Fight For Civil Rights ●​ Double v Compaaign ●​ A. Philip Randolph ●​ Executive order 8802 -​ Desegregate military** Industry** ●​ NAACP membership -​ 1941 - 18,000 -​ 1945 - 500,000 He threatened FDR with a march on Washington Mexicans and Mexican American ●​ Bracero Program -​ 1941-1964 -​ 4.5 million ●​ Zoot suit riots - warn by young Mexican American -​ June 3 -June 8, 1943 -​ Delay marriage -​ Put off having children ●​ Off-duty service men spent 5 days attacking Zoot suitors Gay Men and Women ●​ 9,000 dishonorably discharged ●​ Denied GI bill Japanese-American Internment ●​ Executive order 9906 ●​ Give up homes and businesses ●​ 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans Constitutonal? ●​ Korematsu V. United States ●​ 6-3 against Korematsu -​ “Military necessity” ●​ Official apology - 1988 THEMES? ●​ Inequality ●​ Abuse of power ●​ Propaganda ●​ Really big government ●​ The need for mobilization Cold War Society and Popular Culture in the 1950s Cold War conformity ❖​ Changing yourself to try and fit in like a box ❖​ Political conformity- How? Adopt a more conservative ideology when it comes to anti-communism/foreign policy ❖​ Economic conformity- How? Achieve wealth, Have a lot of kids, and buy things(Remember the invisible groups in the last lecture? They are blocked off from achieving this) ❖​ Social conformity- How? Maintains racial, gender, and sexual norms and go to church Why conform ❖​ Second red scare -​ “McCarthyism ❖​ Joseph McCarthy -​ Republican junior senator (WI) -​ 1947-1957 (died) ❖​ Needs an issue -​ Choose communism in government ❖​ Wheeling speech - he says I have in my hand a list of 100 soothing communists working in the State Department -​ February 9, 1950 ❖​ Republicans - Truman was a democratic president do McCarthy -​ Ok at first McCarthy is accusing everyone of being a communist How do you conform? Live in the burbs ➢​ Levittowns- Willian Levitt ➢​ 1944=114,000 suburban homes ➢​ 1950-1,692,000 suburban homes ➢​ 1960=36 million people living in the suburbs ➢​ 1970=74 million people living in the suburbs How do you conform? Have children! Lots and lots of children ❖​ Baby Boom: 76.4 million Americans born between 1946-1964 How do you conform? Follow gender and sexual norms The Nuclear Family ❖​ women= Homemaker/mother ❖​ nam=breadwinner ❖​ son=future breadwinner ❖​ daughter=future homemaker/mother reality? Challenges to conformity and the “Cold War consensus” Those seeds have already been planted ❖​ Music Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Big Mama Thornton Sister rosetta tharpe Big mama thornton ❖​ Movies- Television- delinquency movies Literary critiques ❖​ Beatniks ➢​ Jack Kerouac ➢​ Allen Ginsberg ❖​ Literature ➢​ Catcher in the Rye(1951) ➢​ Fahrenheit 451 (1953) Comic Books ❖​ Superman (1938) ❖​ Captain America (1941) ❖​ 1950s -1960s -​ Crime -​ Horror -​ Sci-fi ❖​ 1954: 1.2 billion United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency ❖​ The “Menace” ❖​ Rise in juvenile delinquency -​ Correlation or causation? ❖​ Laws against “obscene of crime inciting matter” -​ Who gets to decide what is “Obscene” ❖​ March 1955: -​ “ this nation cannot afford the calculated risk involved in the continued mass dissemination of crime and horro comic books to children” -​ Can't do anything because of the 1st Amendment MAD(1952) -​ parody Playboy (1953) -​ There were a lot of good articles in Playboy Scientific challenges ●​ Medical and Criminal Definitions of Homosexuality ●​ Beliefs that few people were gay ●​ Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and -​ 50% men = an erotic response to other men -​ 37% men = post-adolescent homosexual experience -​ 4% men = identified as gay ●​ Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953) -​ 13% women = post-adolescent homosexual experience -​ 3% women = identified as gay Government pushes back: The Lavender Scare ●​ Hoey committee (1950) -​ “Determine the extent of the employment of homosexuals and other sex perverts in Government” ●​ Executive order 10450 -​ May 27, 1953 -​ “Good character” -​ 5,000-tens of thousands Reality of the 1950s ●​ The 1950s were much more complicated than we’ve been told ●​ The “image” we have been sold about postwar America was a reality for some, but not others ●​ Cold War conformity was the product of anti-communist hysteria in the United States ●​ The “seeds” of the 1960s/70s counterculture movement were planted in the 1950s -​ We can see this in popular culture THEMES: ●​ Expectation vs reality ●​ Conformity ●​ Challenging norms ●​ The influence of fear of communism ●​ Government intervention ●​ Media influence ●​ New ways to get entertainment The new Frontier: The cold War from Eisenhower to Kennedy, 1953-1963 1952 Election ●​ Dwight Eisenhower (R) ●​ Allied Supreme commander ●​ Five-star general of the Army ●​ D-Day June 6, 1944 Adlai Stevenson (D) ●​ Illinois Governor ●​ US Ambassador to the United Nations North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ●​ April 4, 1949 ●​ 12 founding members -​ If one ally is attacked, the rest of the NATO allies attack back ●​ 100% aimed at the Soviet Union ●​ Very relevant today -​ 32 countries -​ The only time we employed NATO was 9/11 Mao Zedong’s China ●​ Civil war -​ 1945-1949 -​ Chiang Kai-shek (supported by the West) -​ Mao Zedong ( supported by the Soviet Union) ●​ People's Republic of China -​ October 1, 1949 ●​ “Great Leap Forward” -​ 1958-1962 -​ Agricultural to Industrial -​ Disaster -​ 18-45 million die in those four years Korean War ●​ Territory of Japan_ 1910-1945 ●​ June 25, 1950 - July 27, 1953 -​ North Korea: People's Republic of Korea -​ South Korea: Republic of Korea ●​ Eisenhower inherits from Truman ●​ Threats from china ●​ Technically war isn’t over -​ Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel ●​ 3 million casualties in total -​ ~37,000 Americans Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh ●​ Territory of France: 1887-1954 -​ French Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Civil war ●​ North Vietnam: Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Hanoi) ●​ South Vietnam: Republic of Vietnam (Saigon) Ho Chi Minh ●​ Communist revolutionary ●​ Viet Minh government ●​ Supported by the Soviet Union Ngo Dinh Diem ●​ Autocratic ●​ Supported by the West Geneva Accords ●​ April-July 1954 ●​ US, soviet Union, China. France, UK ●​ Three things: -​ Divided along the 17th parallel -​ France withdraw troops in North Vietnam -​ 1956 elections (never happened) ●​ “Domino theory” Nikita Khrushchev ●​ Stalin dies March 5, 1953 ●​ Expand the Soviet Union ●​ Space race3 ●​ Arms race - “Missile gap” Sputnik ●​ October 4, 1957 ●​ First satellite to orbit Earth ●​ Sputnik 2 - November 3, 1957 ●​ Stray dog named Laika The Cold War in Cuba ●​ General Fulgencio Batista -​ Us backed ●​ Fidel Castro -​ No not really supported by soviets (yet) -​ Guerilla force ●​ Cuban Revolution -​ 1956-1959 -​ January 1, 1959 -​ American businesses -​ US cuts diplomatic ties 1961 1960 election ●​ Issues on the table: Cold War -​ Korea -​ Vietnam -​ Cuba ●​ John F. Kennedy (D) -​ Navy (1941-1945) -​ Congressman (1947-1953) -​ Senator (1953-1960) -​ Catholic and “Inexpierenced” ●​ Richard Nixion (R) -​ Naval reserve -​ Congressman (1947-1950) -​ Senator (1950-1953) -​ Vice president under Eisenhower (1953-1961) -​ “Tricky Dick” First televised presidential debate But who won the debate? 1960 Presidential Election ●​ 118,000 votes ●​ Election of first : -​ Two new states(Alaska and Hawaii) -​ Both candidates were born in the 20th century -​ Fist catholic president -​ Went from the oldest president to the youngest president in history (up to that time) “Camelot” ●​ young, attractive, forward-thinking, fulfilling promises ●​ New generation in a new decade ●​ “New fonter” -​ Poverty -​ Space -​ Diplomacy -​ Tough on communism Bay of Pigs ●​ CIA operation -anti- castro cubans to go in and overthrow Castro ●​ April 1961 ●​ 1,500 anti-castro Cubans had invaded Cuba ●​ Disaster ●​ 1,100 captured ●​ Not a good look for Kennedy Kennedy and Khrushchev ●​ Meet at Vienna summit in June 1961 ●​ Wast belin ●​ 156,000 members of the National Guard ●​ Berlin wall -​ 1961-1989 Cuban Missle crisis ●​ Tension boil over ●​ Castron asks Khrushchev for help -​ Soviets reluctant -​ Install nuclear Missiles in Cuba ●​ October 16, 1962 - October 29, 1962 ●​ Some redemption of Kennedy’s foreign policy Kennedy Assassination ●​ November 22, 1963 ●​ Dallas TX - Grassy Knoll ●​ Lee Harvey Oswald Lyndon B. Johnson ●​ November 22, 1963 ●​ Air Force on at the Dallas Love field Themes? Communism Political rivalry Civil war The significance of elections ​ “Grand Narrative” of the civil rights movement Time frame -​ Places the CRM between 1954-1968 Geography of racism -​ Belief that racism is limited to the South National Civil Rights story -​ Highlights major national or legislative victories without discussing local activism Adult-make centric -​ Places black men at the center of activism while overlooking the contributions of black women -​ Contributions of black youth are largely ignored Sympathetic government -​ Portrays the US government as sympathetic to black struggle and eager to correct racial injustice The “Long Civil Rights movement” Early Phase, 1910s-1954 -​ Anti-lynching -​ 1920s black nationalism -​ Brown v. Board of Education Middle phase, 1954-1968 -​ White backlash to brown v. Bored -​ Emmett till -​ Nonviolent Civil Disobedience -​ Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act Early Legal Victories -​ NAACP Legal Defense Fund Strategy -​ Sue when facilities are separate but NOT equal -​ Using a law against itself Before Brown -​ Desegregation of universities and graduate schools -​ They sue Sweat v. Painter (1950) -​ He would be denied because of his race -​ University of Texas -​ Texas state university for Negroes -​ Now Texas Southern University in Houston -​ They were separate but nowhere near equal NAACP says they can't do that it's not equal ❖​ Charles Hamilton Houston (1935-1940) ❖​ Thurgood Marshall (1940-1961) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ❖​ Oliver brown drives his daughter Linda to a black school ❖​ May 17, 1954 ❖​ 9-0 decision ❖​ Overturned segregation in schools “with all deliberate speed” ❖​ Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson “To separate [blacks] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.” – Chief Justice Earl Warren -​ Oliver Brown -​ Linda Brown Response to the Brown Decision ❖​ Increased violence towards African Americans ❖​ Growth of the KKK -​ Working class ❖​ Establishment of the White Citizens Council -​ Middle-upper class “use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision (Brown) which is contrary to the Constitution...” Brown decision was “destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races.” -​ “The Southern Manifesto” signed by 19 US Senators and 77 Congressmen President Eisenhower responds to Brown “ I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions.” Middle Phase 1954-1968 Murder of Emmett Till Background ❖​ 14-year old from Chicago, IL ❖​ Drew, MS in the summer of 1954 ❖​ Accused by Carolyn Bryant ❖​ Beaten, tortured, and Murder by Roy Bryant and JW Milam Trial and Verdict ❖​ Criticism of Mamie Till ❖​ 67 minutes - acquitted -​ “ we wouldn’t have taken so long if we hadn’t stopped to drink pop,” ❖​ Bryant and Millam admitted guilt In recent History ❖​ 2007: Carolyn Bryant retracted her accusation ❖​ 2008: Emmett Till memorial -​ Vandalized 3 times ❖​ 2019: Bulletproof memorial ❖​ March 29, 2022: President Biden signs Emmett Till Antilynching Act -​ FIRST antilynching bill in US history “This Act is an overdue correction to tragic failures of the past. It is a promise that our nation must never allow bigotry and violence to undermine the fundamental rights of every American to be secure and protected by our government when threatened with lawlessness.” – President Joseph Biden Nonviolent Civil Disobedience ❖​ Montgomery Bus Boycott -​ Rosa Parks -​ December 5, 1955-December 20, 1956 ❖​ Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. -​ 26 years old ❖​ Success -​ Browder v. Gayle -​ Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) “We came to see that, in the long run, it is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation. So...we decided to substitute tired feet for tired souls and walk the streets of Montgomery.” – Martin Luther King Jr Claudette Colvin ❖​ March 2, 1955(9 months before Rosa Parks) ❖​ 15 years old ❖​ “We’d been studying the constitution… I knew I had rights” “They just dropped me. None of them spoke to me; they didn’t see if I was okay. They never came and discussed it with my parents. They just didn’t want to know me. It would have been different if I hadn't been pregnant, but if I had lived in a different place or been light-skinned, it would have made a difference, too. They would have come and seen my parents and found me someone to marry.” – Claudette Colvin African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement ❖​ “Double Burden” of racial and gender discrimination Fewer employment opportunities -​ Domestic work -​ Beauticians Vulnerable to abuse -​ Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse Often excluded from leadership positions in the CRM Grassroots Activism ❖​ Critical to the movement ❖​ Boycotts, protests, sit-ins Sit-in Movement -​ “Greensboro Four” -​ Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr,. Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond -​ February 2, 1960 -​ Winter-spring 1960: 70,000 activists Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ❖​ April 1960 ❖​ Nonviolent direct action ❖​ Ella baker Increasing violence against African Americans Birmingham protests -​ May 2963 -​ MLK JR. arrested -​ Televised University of Alabama -​ June 11, 1963 -​ George Wallace John F. Kennedy reluctantly addresses the nation -​ June 12, 1963 -​ Examine conscience -​ “Who among us would be content to have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place?” Assassination of Medgar Evers -​ June 12, 1963 -​ WWII veteran -​ Killed by member of the KKK -​ Killed on his doorstep in front of his wife and kids Vietnam and the Unraveling of Liberalism: 1965-1968 Shifts in the Civil Rights Movement ●​ Frustration among Northern, Urban African Americans ●​ Felt ignored by mainstream movement ●​ Urban poverty ●​ Police violence ●​ Protest and riots -​ Watts Riot (August, 1965) -​ Detroit Race Riot ( July 1967) ●​ Summer 1967 -​ “Long hot summer” -​ 158 riots Black Power ●​ Stokely Carmichael -​ President of SNCC -​ “We want black power” ●​ 1966 -​ SNCC kicks out white members ●​ 1967 -​ New president of SNCC -​ Conflict intensifies What does Carmichael mean by “black power” -​ Black control of institutions -​ Recognition of value of black culture Why now? ●​ Continued violence ●​ Gradualism ●​ Integration means doing things a “white” way ●​ Frustration with nonviolence response to white violence Urban African Americans Black Panthers for self-defense ●​ 1966 in Oakland, CA ●​ Huey Newton and Bobby Seale ●​ Armed “police” for black communities ●​ Concealed carry illegal in CA ●​ Open carry was legal Mulford Act -​ Ronald Reagan -​ 1967 -​ Bans open carry in CA Black Nationalism ●​ Malcolm X (Malcolm Little) ●​ May 19, 1925 ●​ Foster care ●​ Arrested several times ●​ 8-10 years in prison for robbery Nation of Islam -​ Elijah Muhammad ●​ Tension builds ●​ Assassinated February 21, 1965 “Yes, I’m an extremist. The black race in the United States is in extremely bad shape. You show me a black man who isn’t an extremist and I’ll show you one who needs psychiatric attention.” – Malcolm X New Left ●​ Grew out of civil rights activism (SNCC) Anti: -​ Capitalism -​ Communism -​ Imperialism Pro -​ Racial equality -​ Participatory democracy -​ End to international conflict (especially Vietnam) Students for Democratic Society (SDS) -​ 1960 -​ AI Harber and Tom Hayden -​ University of Michigan -​ Port Huron statement -​ Ended in 1969 Vietnam War Escalation ●​ Eisenhower: 700 military personnel ●​ Kennedy: 11,00 military Advisors LBJ -​ 1965: 184,000 -​ 1966: 385,000 Nixon: 542,000 How? Draft -​ 2.2 million -​ 80% poor working class -​ Lottery starts 1969 Escape draft -​ College -​ Canada -​ Conscientious objectors The Weather Underground ●​ 1969 ●​ “weatherman “ ●​ Violent offshoot of the SDS ●​ Bombed government buildings -​ No fatalities “ Our intention is to disrupt the empire… to incapacitate it, to put pressure on the cracks.” “Days of Rage”(1969) ●​ Chicago- October 8, 1969 ●​ 800 vs 2,000 ●​ $ 183,000 ●​ End of the new left 1968: Johnsons EXIT 1968 Democratic primary Candidates Eugene McCarthy (anti-war, supported by anti-war youth) Robert F. Kennedy (anti-war, supported by anti-war youth and African Americans Hubert Humphrey (defended the war, supported by olderDemocratic Party elites) MLK Jr. Assassination ●​ April 4, 1968 (39 years old) ●​ Maphis, TN ●​ Large-scale protests and rioting ●​ Coretta Scott King and Bernice King Bobby Kennedy Assassination June 5, 1968 1968 Democratic National Convention ●​ August 26-29, 1968 ●​ Chicago, Illinois Two candidates ●​ Eugene McCarthy - anti-war liberal ●​ Hubert Humphrey-LBJ’s VP, pro-war Humphrey wins ●​ Massive riot 1968 Election ●​ Richard Nixon(R) -​ “ Restore law and order” ●​ Hubert Humphrey(D) -​ Status quo George Wallace American Independent party -​ Racial segregation and states' rights THEMES? ●​ A shift in Activism ●​ Increase political violence ●​ Inpatient youth ●​ Youth being more political Counterculture and identity politics: Hippies, Brown Power, Gay Liberation, and Women’s Liberation Movements Hippies ●​ Generational divide -​ Trust and understanding ●​ Challenge authority ●​ angry -​ War -​ Capitalism (material culture) -​ Racism -​ sexism ●​ Strategy? Depends -​ Revolution -​ Disassociation Malaise in the 1970 Political, Economic, and Social Crisis Ma*laise Noun A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause if difficult to identify “A society by a deep cultural malaise” Synonyms: Unhappiness, uneasiness, unease “Vietnamization” ●​ Gradual reduction ●​ South Vietnamese take over ●​ 1969: 560,000 troops ●​ 1973: 50,000 troops ●​ Decrease in troops, increase in bombings -​ Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos ●​ Wide-scale, anti-war protests -​ Kent State -​ May 4, 1970 Pentagon papers ●​ Daniel Ellsberg ●​ 1971 ●​ Deception from Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and LBJ ●​ New York Times Company v. United States -​ First Amendment “Peace with Honor” ●​ 1973 agreement -​ United States, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam ●​ Assurance from Nixion ●​ March 29, 1973- last American troops ●​ April 30, 1975 -​ Saigon Ho Chi Minh City ➡️ The Human Cost of Vietnam ●​ 2 million civilians killed on both sides ●​ 1,100,000 North Vietnamese soldiers killed ●​ 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers killed ●​ 58,000 American soldiers killed ●​ 300,000 American soldiers wounded ●​ 2,500 American soldiers were declared missing ●​ 150,000 American soldiers suffering from drug/alcohol addiction and/or severe psychological disorders Legacy of the Vietnam War ●​ Deep hatred for military draft ●​ Skepticism of American foreign policy and military action ●​ War powers Act (1973) ●​ Homelessness among Vietnam War veterans ●​ Offical recongition and dignosis of PTSD in 1980 by the American psychiatric Association Watergate Scadal ●​ May 28, 1972: Break in the Democratic National Headquarters ●​ June 17, 1972: Five Burglars arrested -​ Washington Post repoters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein pick up the story ●​ August 1, 1972: Discovers Committee to re-elct the president(CREEP) paid $25,000 to one burglars ●​ Novemebr 7, 1972: Nixon overwhelmingly re-elected ●​ January 8, 1973: Trial begin, Nixion ramps up the coverup -​ Bribes and threats ●​ Nixon resigns August 9,1974 ●​ Gerald Ford “Our long national nightmare is over” 1976 Elction ●​ Gerald Ford (R) vs. Jimmy Carter (D) ●​ “ I will never tell a lie to the American People” -​ Jimmy Carter Stagflation High inflation + High unemployment + Stagnant economy = Stagflation Energy crisis ●​ Middle Eastern conflicts ●​ Disrupted oil supplies ●​ 1973-1974: -​ $0.39 cents to $0.53 ●​ Today’s money: -​ $2.28 to $2.82 Iranian Hostage Crisis ●​ Febuary 11, 1979 -​ Shah of iran falls -​ Ayatollah Khomeini ●​ Monarchy Islamic republic ●​ November 4, 1979 -​ Seized American Embassy -​ 50 americans -​ 444 days 1970s society ●​ Not feeling great -​ Pessimistic -​ Distrust in government -​ Economic struggles -​ Still shaken by the 1960s ●​ Looking for an escape -​ Drugs -​ Music/dancing -​ Cults -​ Movies Disco ●​ New york City -​ Mix of Motown, funk, soul, slasa, etc ●​ Response to social and economic problems ●​ Discotheques and night clubs = safe for marginilized people ●​ Saturday night Fever (1977) ●​ Bee Gees, Kool & the Gang, Village people, KC and The sunshine Band, Earth wind and fire ➡️ Funk and Motown ●​ Urban Black communities -​ Jazz, blues, and R&B -​ Detroit, MI = motor town “motown” -​ James Brown - “godfather of funk” Musicians ●​ Stevie wonder ●​ Temptations ●​ Diana Ross and the supreems ●​ Jackson 5 ●​ Rick James ●​ So many more! ➡️ Rise in cults ●​ Why the 1970s? ●​ Charles manson -​ 1968 Los Angles/ San Francisco -​ Female followers- “Manson Girls” /”Manson Family” -​ Long time white supremeicist- “Helter Skelter” Jonestown ●​ Jim Jones and the “peoples Temple” ●​ Self-proclaimed messiah ●​ Jonestown in Guyana ●​ Mass suicide -​ Cyanide and valium in Flavor Aid - “Dont drink the kool-Aid” -​ 900 dead Film in the 1970s ●​ Struggling industry -​ Needed to be risky, edgy , scary, and innovative Horror ●​ The exorcist ●​ Halloween Crime ●​ The godfather part 1 and part 11 ●​ Taxi driver Science fiction ●​ Star wars Thriller ●​ Jaws Political ●​ All the presidents men ●​ M*A*S*H Truning the coner? ●​ Us plans to boycott 1980 summer olympics in moscow -​ Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ●​ 1980 winter olympics -​ United stes vs. Soviet union hockey -​ Underdog vs. 4x gold medalists ●​ “Miracle on ice” -​ Us wins 4-3 THEME? ●​ STRUGGLES WITH PREDICENY ●​ Escaping reality The Reagan Revolution and the Rise of Conservatism, 1980-1988 Economic ●​ Free market economics ●​ Anti-regulation ●​ Anti-taxation ●​ Anti-labor ●​ Favor business owners over workers Political ●​ “Small government” ●​ States rights ●​ Hawkish Socio-cultural ●​ Traditionalism ●​ Evangelical Fundamentalism ●​ Rejects liberalization of society (not conservative? Must be communist!) William F. Buckley, Jr. and Movement Conservatism “New Right” ●​ Anti-communist ●​ Fiscal Conservatism ●​ Oppose New Deal and Great Society ●​ Oppose progressive taxation ●​ Oppose labor rights ●​ The small federal government(in theory, but not in practice) Grassroots movement ●​ Orange County, CA(?) ●​ TV= too expensive ●​ Print media and radio ●​ William F. Buckley -​ National Review (1955) ●​ Liberal censorship conspiracy -​ Reality John Birch Society ●​ 1958 by Robert Welch ●​ Anti-statism ●​ Conspiracy theories -​ Illuminati -​ Eisenhower a communist spy -​ McCarthyism Membership ●​ 1958=11 ●​ Early 1960s-100,000 ●​ Problems for mainstream conservatives -​ Ultraconservative -​ Either conservative or communist “expose a semi-secret international cabal whose members sit in the highest places of influence and power worldwide.” Recap: 1964 Election results Barry goldwater -​ Conservative republican Lyndon Johnson -​ Liberal democrat Americans weren’t ready Turning Right in the 1960s- 1970s ●​ Social movements ●​ Protests and riots ●​ Vietnam ●​ Malaise ●​ Rise of conservative organizations and thinktanks -​ Heritage Foundation (1973) Moral Majority ●​ “Religious Right” ●​ Social changes in the 1960s- “War against sin” -​ “Traditional values” ●​ Jerry Falwell Jr. Demanded ●​ Prayer in public schools ●​ Bans on pornography ●​ Bans on birth control ●​ Bans on abortion ●​ Bans on “easy divorce” ●​ “MIlitary unpreparedness” = Satan’s forces 1980 presidential Election Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Ronald Reagan (R) ●​ Stagflation ●​ Energy Crisis ●​ Iran Hostage Crisis “Are you better off now than you were four years ago?” - Ronal Reagan Reagans Economic Agenda ●​ “ Reaganomics” or “Trickle down economics” or “Voodoo ecomonomics” or “supply side economics” ●​ Massive increase in defense spending (35%) ●​ Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) -​ Cut top rate from 70% to 50% -​ Cut personal income taxes by 25% ●​ Cut $35 billion in: -​ Education -​ Housing -​ Food stamps Did Reagan's economic policy work? ●​ “Trickle-Down” -​ Cutting taxes for the wealthy will help the middle and working classes ●​ Reality? -​ 2020 study by the London School of Economics -​ Studied 18 developed nations over 50 years -​ “Based on our research, we argue that the economics rationale for keeping taxes on the rich low is weak…in fact, if we look back in history, the period with the highest taxes in the rich- the postwar period- was also a period with high economic growth and low unemployment” Unemployment ●​ 1980: 7% ●​ 1982: 10.8% ●​ 1984: 7.2% ●​ 1987: 5.8% ●​ 2020: 6.3% ●​ 2023: 3.4% (lowest in 54 years) “President Reagan never even proposed a detailed budget that could bring spending down to the level he had promised in the 1980 campaign...In the Reagan years, more federal debt was added than in the entire prior history of the United States.” – Richard Darman (Reagan’s Deputy Secretary of the Treasury) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) ●​ March 1983 ●​ Space-based missile defense -​ $30 billion ●​ Intercept missiles with “space lasers” ●​ Critics -​ “Star wars” -​ Technology in the 1980s Reagon and the cold war ●​ Mikhail Gorbachev -​ March 11, 1985 -​ Reduced communist control over the government ●​ “Mr.Gorbachev, tear down this wall” - Ronald Reagan Glasnost and the Geneva summit Glasnost ●​ Soviet policy ●​ Open discussions with the wast ●​ Reduce communism in government Geneva Summit ●​ 1985 ●​ Reduction in nuclear weapons intermediate - Range Nuclear forces (INF) ●​ 1987 ●​ Destruction of intermediate-range missiles Scandal: Iran-Contra Affair ●​ Communists in Nicaragua: Cuban-backed Sandistas ●​ Contras: Anti-communist forces -​ “the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers” – Ronald Reagan -​ Killed civilians -​ Attacked schools and health clinics Bolland Amendment ●​ 1982 & 1984 ●​ No CIA or Defense operations in Nicaragua ●​ No weapons or money for Contras US Government ●​ Sales of missiles to Iran (gave money to Contras) ●​ Cocaine and gun trafficking Did Reagan know? scandal: AIDS Crisis ●​ Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ●​ 1987- Reagan acknowledges AIDS by name in public (21,000) ●​ 1981-1990: 100,777 ●​ Hysteria Ryan white ●​ 13 years old ●​ 1984 blood transfusion ●​ Verbal harassment -​ “Gods punishment” ●​ AIDS activist ●​ Died April 1990 (18 years old) AIDS Activism ●​ Gay Men Health Crisis (GMHC) -​ 1982 -​ Larry Kramer -​ News-letters -​ Funds Lawsuits against AIDS Discrimination ●​ AIDS Coalition to unleash Power (ACT UP) -​ “DIe-ins” -​ Pressured FDA to research ●​ NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt -​ 1987- 1,920 panels -​ 2024- 50,000 panels Legacy of the Reagan revolution ●​ What Reagan did NOT do/ Couldn’t accomplish: -​ Dismantle New Deal/Great Society welfare state -​ Shrink federal government -​ Secure conservative victories on abortion, homosexuality, school prayer, etc. ●​ Reagan Legacy: The Shifting of the American Political Spectrum to the Right -​ New Deal Liberalism (embrace of the massive welfare state) dead -​ Liberal consensus is out and conservative consensus is in -​ Republicans AND Democrats become more conservative, embrace limited federal government Themes?