What is Cyberbullying

What is CYBERBULLYING? • It’s the intentional and repeated use of the internet to humiliate, intimidate, and target a person. • In the Philippines, about one-third of cyber violence against young people is verbal abuse and online harassment. *Philippines is the Social Media Capital of the World.* Types of Cyberbullying: • NAME-CALLING: Posting hurtful labels and comments. • ONLINE HARASSMENT: Sending hate messages or threats. • FRAPING: Posting malicious content on a victim’s social media account after gaining access to it. • INAPPROPRIATE PHOTOS: Sharing explicit photos or private messages without consent. • TROLLING: Intentionally posting controversial content to provoke others. Legal Consequences Cyberbullying can lead to legal action under laws such as: • Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 • Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 • Data Privacy Act of 2012. Tips for Proper Online Etiquette: Practice Positive Online Engagement: Remember you’re talking to real people; treat others with respect. Know and Be Sensitive to your Audience: Ensure jokes are harmless. Use the “10-second rule” before posting. Use Appropriate Internet Language: Be mindful of using all caps or excessive exclamation points, which can be misinterpreted as yelling. What is DISINFORMATION or FAKE NEWS? • As a “virus” that spreads faster than real news due to its “novelty”. Based on Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), it’s because of: NOVELTY – The quality of being new, original or unusual. Why Do People Believe It? • People often believe fake news because it comes from a trusted source, like a family member or friend. • The “bandwagon effect” also plays a role, where people are more likely to believe a story if a celebrity or someone with a large following shares it. • Some misinformation is aggressively spread by troll farms using bots and trolls TROLLS - These are individuals who intentionally post controversial content to provoke people and create issues online. The video gave an example of trolls creating hate messages to turn fans against public figures. BOTS OR ROBOTS : Use bots to aggressively spread misinformation. In this context, bots are automated accounts or programs used to quickly amplify and spread false information. EFFECTS OF FAKE NEWS: #1 - People are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. #2 - People lose their trust in science and research. #3 - The reputation of journalists and media organizations is damaged. #4 - Democracy and the right of the people to choose are lost. USUAL VICTIMS • mga matatanda • mga bata na babad sa internet • mga taong kaunti lang ang kaalaman sa false information *Magreport sa mga fact-checking organization* “CREDIT TO THE OWNER” (CTTO) OR NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED : Simply writing “ctto” on a post does not give you permission to use copyrighted material and does not protect you from legal penalties. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) AND COPYRIGHT : refers to creations of the mind. It can be an invention, a design, a brand name (trademark, or a literary and artistic work (copyright). *Copyright is the legal protection extended to the owner of the rights in an original work. “Original work” refers to intellectual creation in the literary, scientific and artistic domain.* COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT : is defined as using someone else’s work without the original owner’s permission. PLAGIARISM : act of using another person’s work without giving them proper credit COPYRIGHT LAW • Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines RA 8293, Sec. 217 FAIR USE : permits a party to use a copyrighted work without the copyright owner’s permission for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, schololarship, or research. These purposes only illustrate what might be considered as fair use. FOUR FACTOR OF FAIR USE: • Factor 1: PURPOSE OF USE - This considers why the copyrighted material is being used. Acceptable purposes include news reporting, commentary, criticism, teaching, and academic study. *TRANSFORMATIVE TEST is a guideline used to determine if a new work using copyrighted material is considered fair use.* • Factor 2: NATURE OF COPYRIGHTED WORK - This looks at the type of content being used. It is generally acceptable to use factual information from sources like academic or journalistic articles, but using creative works like songs or movies requires permission unless only a small portion is used for a review or news report. *Lagyan ng “Quotation Marks” kung kokopya nang verbatim* • Factor 3: SUBSTANTIALITY OF PORTION TAKEN - This assesses how much of the original material is being used. Using a small portion for a news report, review, or educational purpose is considered fair. *The purpose of the content has changed from entertainment to educational and informative* • Factor 4: EFFECT OF USE ON THE MARKET - This final factor considers whether your use of the content would negatively affect the original work’s market or value, such as its views, shares, or income. *To avoid copyright infringement, it is better that instead of copying, you use the like, share and re-post buttons on social media.* AI AND DIGITAL ETHICS : The video warns against the misuse of AI, such as using “deepfakes” to spread false information, and considers using AI to write and submit essays a form of plagiarism. ChatGPT : use by students in the video. Kara David states that it is an amazing tool for writing essays with a simple prompt. What is an Algorithm? An algorithm is a computer program used by websites and apps to select and personalize content for users . The video compares it to a DJ who plays music based on audience requests. Similarly, the algorithm selects content to make your feed more engaging by showing you posts similar to what you like or interact with. How Apps Know What You Want to See According to an article from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) referenced in the video, apps gather information about you to personalize your content in the following ways: • Search History: The algorithm uses your internet search history to show you posts and songs related to what you’ve searched for. • Sign-up Details and Privacy Settings: Apps use personal information you provide when you sign up, like age, address, and gender. Agreeing to privacy settings gives them permission to collect and use this data. • Online Shopping Habits: The algorithm also considers the items you frequently buy or add to your cart to understand your interests. • Platform Usage: The apps you use and how you use them also affect the algorithm. For example, if you frequently watch mukbang videos on YouTube, your other apps might start showing you more food and cooking content. Examples of Algorithms in Action TikTok: The video points out that if you watch dance videos on TikTok, your “For You Page” will be filled with similar content. Celebrity News: The video notes that after the KathNiel (Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla) breakup, many users’ feeds were flooded with related posts. Online Shopping: If you search for a popular pair of shoes, you will start seeing more ads for similar products. Miss Universe: The video gives an example of how social media feeds were flooded with posts about the Philippine bet, Michelle Dee, during the Miss Universe 2020 pageant. This abundance of content, driven by the algorithm, created a “filter bubble” where users were primarily exposed to a single narrative, which may not have reflected the overall outcome: Filter bubble is a state of intellectual isolation that occurs when an algorithm personalizes your online experience, showing you content that aligns with your beliefs and preferences. This happens because algorithms track your online behavior—such as your location, search history, and what you click on—to predict what you will find most engaging. HOW TO BREAK FREE TO FILTER BUBBLES? TIPS: #1 – Do not accept all cookies: The video advises against accepting all cookies when prompted by a website. Third-party cookies can be used to track your online activity and influence the content you see, including targeted ads. #2 - Use a VPN (Virtual Private Network): Using a VPN can help prevent websites from profiling your browsing habits. It can also expose you to a wider range of content by allowing you to access region-specific material. #3 - Be open-minded: Chiara encourages viewers to be open-minded and read different perspectives on a topic. This helps you avoid getting stuck in your own beliefs and allows you to consider other viewpoints. #4 - Fact-check: The video emphasizes the importance of fact-checking to combat misinformation. It suggests asking yourself if the information on your feed is true and advises subscribing to fact-checking initiatives to avoid fake news. *additional* 1. Definition of “algorithm” in social media * It describes an algorithm as a “set of rules or instructions” that platforms use to decide what content to show users. * The video emphasizes that algorithms tailor what users see based on various signals/behavior. 2. Key factors / signals used by algorithms Some of the things the video says platforms look at: * Engagement: likes, comments, shares, reactions * Watch time / time spent viewing a post or video * How recently a content was posted (freshness) * Relevance: whether the content matches your interests or past behavior * Relationships: how close you are to the content creator (friends/followers, mutual interactions) * Content type: video, image, text, etc. * Possibly frequency of interaction with similar content. 3. How ranking / feed ordering works * Rather than simply showing the newest posts, platforms rank content based on a prediction of what you’ll like/engage with. * They use past behavior to guess what you want to see. * The idea is to keep you engaged / on the platform longer. 4. Personalization * Each user sees a different feed, because the ranking is individualized. * The same content can perform differently for different users depending on their history and behavior. 5. Consequences & trade-offs * Echo chambers / filter bubbles: you tend to see only what matches your views and past preferences, reducing exposure to different ideas. * Potential for addictive use — since algorithms tend to favor engaging content, even if sensational or polarizing. * Some content might get unfairly suppressed (less reach), especially from smaller or newer creators. * Manipulation risk: content that “gamed” the signals may get boosted (for example provocative posts, clickbait). 6. Advice / tips (if given) The video likely suggests how creators / users can adapt (though I don’t have verbatim text of advice; based on typical content): * For creators: focus on making content that encourages engagement and retention (longer watch time, comments). * For users: maybe to be aware of what you engage with influences your feed. Possibly curate your behavior to get better content. * Understand that “likes” alone aren’t everything; time spent, completion of watching, etc., also matter. 7. Examples or case studies * The video may give specific examples of content that does well vs. content that doesn’t, showing how different behaviors affect algorithmic reach. * Might compare older “chronological / simple” feeds vs modern algorithmic ones. Strengths of the video’s explanation * It’s accessible / easy to understand. Ideal for non-technical audiences. * Uses concrete behavior signals (engagement, watch time) which are verifiable / seen in many platforms. * Explains *why* platforms do this: to keep people engaged. * Raises awareness of downsides (echo chambers, manipulation) which is important. Weaknesses / Missing / Simplifications Because it is a general explainer, it inevitably simplifies. Some of the likely simplifications or gaps: • Lack of transparency: Many platforms don’t fully disclose how their ranking works; video may omit the proprietary / less-known signals (e.g. content quality metrics, machine learning ranking models, demotion for misinformation, etc.). • Unequal weighting: The video may treat all signals equally or simply; in reality the importance of different signals changes over time and differs across platforms. • No deep technical detail: Probably doesn’t go into how machine learning models are trained, how A/B testing is used, etc. • No discussion of policy / regulation: e.g., how moderation, content policy, or algorithmic audits might affect what is shown. • Platform differences: What’s true for YouTube may not be same for TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, etc., but video might generalize. • Randomness / novelty factor: Many platforms also inject “new / exploratory” content to test user interest (serendipity), which may not be explained. Implications & what to watch out for • As a user: your past behavior has strong influence. What you click, watch, engage with will shape what you see more of. If you want diversity, you may need to intentionally seek out varied content. • As a creator: optimizing for signals the algorithm rewards can help (retention, engagement, consistency). But also risky if you lean toward clickbait or sensationalism. • For society / discourse: algorithms can amplify polarizing content, as engagement tends to correlate with more extreme or emotional material; could lead to filter bubbles. • Need for transparency and possibly regulation: understanding how algorithms treat content (especially around misinformation, hate speech, etc.) is crucial.