Labeling Theory

Deviance, Crime, and Social Control SOCI 1306 Labeling Theory Although deviation is an unavoidable aspect of social life, it frequently carries a tremendous load of social condemnation. Everyone breaks the rules from time to time, but most people don't think of themselves as abnormal people by nature. The procedure of labelling makes a difference. An important sociological perspective is labelling theory, which explores how people are influenced by labels that define particular behaviours as abnormal. This idea holds that deviation results from the way society reacts to an act, rather than being inherent to the act itself. This viewpoint emphasises the flexibility of deviance, which may change over time and throughout cultures, by moving the emphasis from the behaviour to the social response. According to the labelling theory, a significant factor in determining deviance is how society views particular behaviours. This implies that an action viewed as abnormal in one culture or period may not be in another. For example, actions like getting a tattoo, which were once seen to be abnormal in some communities, are now more commonplace and even considered mainstream in many cultures. On the other hand, certain actions that were accepted in the past might not be accepted now. The claim that deviance is a social construct that greatly depends on context and society norms is reinforced by this cultural and chronological diversity. Renowned sociologist Edwin Lemert introduced the ideas of primary and secondary deviance, which enlarged on the labelling theory. Minor norm breaches that have no discernible effect on a person's self-concept or interpersonal relationships are referred to as primary deviances. These are frequently viewed as transient or unintentional norm violations. For instance, even if receiving a speeding ticket constitutes a deviant behaviour, the person's perception of themselves and others are usually unaffected. Their identity and behaviour remain unchanged by the experience, and they persist in adhering to social standards. The person continues to feel accepted and a part of the community by being incorporated into it. On the other hand, initial deviance can occasionally progress to secondary deviance. When a deviant act is first committed and there is a strong social reaction, the person may get classified as deviant, which is known as secondary deviance. This designation has the potential to come true on its own. When someone is classified as deviant by society, they might internalise this label and alter their behaviour and self-perception as a result. They could start acting as though they were acting out of this deviant personality, viewing themselves through its prism. This metamorphosis frequently occurs in response to the stigma attached to the deviant designation as well as social attitudes. Imagine a high school student who regularly skips class and picks fights. These behaviours might initially be regarded as fundamental deviation. Nonetheless, when the kid receives constant criticism from instructors and other staff members and is called a "troublemaker," the youngster starts to internalise this label. The way that the school responds to society, in this instance, has a significant impact on how the student views themselves. The student starts to act more abnormally as they begin to see themselves as troublemakers and take on this role more deliberately. This is an illustration of secondary deviance, in which the sociallyimposed label of deviance has a substantial impact on an individual's behaviour and sense of self. The idea of secondary deviance serves as an example of the potent influence that labels and social responses have on the formation of personal identities. According to Lemert, the procedure might result in a "master status." A person's master position is a designation of dominance that eclipses all other facets of their identity. It turns become the main way that a person sees oneself and other people. One's primary identity might be as a parent, artist, or doctor, for example. But, if someone is called a deviant—a "convict," "addict," or "beggar," for example—this name may turn become their master position. Their identity and interactions are dominated by it, which frequently results in increased marginalisation and transgression. The transition from main to secondary deviation can have a significant impact on a person's life. Deviance can restrict social integration prospects and perpetuate a cycle of deviant behaviour when it takes on a master position. For instance, it might be difficult for someone with the label of "convict" to find work or accommodation, which could result in more marginalisation and possibly more deviant behaviour. As thus, the response from society both defines deviation and helps it to continue. The labelling theory also emphasises how social control and power define deviance. Labels can be applied to people by those in positions of authority and influence, such as legislators, law enforcement, and educators. Because of this power dynamic, people in positions of authority in society frequently define deviance, and these definitions can be a reflection of larger social injustices. Deviant behaviour, for example, is more likely to be applied to actions that upset the status quo or jeopardise the interests of influential organisations. This viewpoint highlights the ingrained prejudices and hierarchies in cultures that shape the definition of what constitutes deviance. Labelling theory also emphasises the possibility of social transformation and resistance. Both individuals and communities might attempt to redefine norms and contest labels applied to deviants. Advocacy organisations and social movements frequently work to alter public attitudes and lessen the stigma attached to particular actions. For instance, groups promoting the rights of LGBTQ+ people have attempted to change social mores and lessen the stigma attached to sexual orientations and gender identities that have previously been seen as abnormal. This illustrates that although labels have great power, they are malleable and subject to debate and revision throughout time. To sum up, labelling theory offers a thorough framework for comprehending deviance as a social construct that is greatly impacted by power dynamics and societal reactions. Edwin Lemert's differentiation between primary and secondary deviance serves as an example of how societal responses may mould an individual's identity and conduct. The idea of master rank highlights even more how long-lasting deviant labels are on people. In the end, labelling theory emphasises the significance of investigating the social processes and power structures that characterise deviance, providing insightful knowledge about identity formation, the dynamics of social control, and the possibility of resistance and social change.