Morphology of Pathogens

Yellow highlighted ones I don’t think we learned, I don't have symptoms for the bacteria Gram - bacteria = pink Gram + bacteria = purple Pathogen Class Morphology Other Diseases Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Gram + cocci in clusters Non-motile Non-spore forming +/- capsule - Coagulase + - TSST-1 toxin - Leukocidin - MSSA, MRSA, or VRSA - pyogenic - protein A in cell wall - exotoxins, superantigens, DNase, +/- capsule - Primary pathogen - skin lesions/ boils/ abscesses - blepharitis, stye - otitis media - GI intoxication - toxic shock syndrome - scalded skin syndrome - food poisoning - UTI’s - osteomyelitis - cellulitis - lymphangitis - acute bacterial endocarditis Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria Gram + cocci in clusters Non-motile Non-spore forming - Coagulase - Dominating skin flora - Opportunistic pathogen - sub-acute bacterial endocarditis Staphylococcus saphrophyticus Bacteria Gram + cocci in clusters Non-motile Non-spore forming - Coagulase - Opportunistic pathogen in urinary tract of women - UTI’s Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteria Facultative Gram + cocci in chains (pairs?) - Alpha hemolytic - pyogenic - meningitis - acute pyogenic meningitis - pneumonia - bacterial UTI’s - otitis media - atherosclerosis Capsule needed for disease Streptococcus mutans Bacteria Facultative Gram + cocci in chains - Alpha hemolytic - pyogenic - cariogenic - capsule - dental caries (biofilms) Streptococcus pyogenes Bacteria Facultative Gram + cocci in chains (streptococci) - Group A Strep - Beta hemolytic - pyogenic - M protein in cell was (heat + acid resistant) - kinase - hemolysin - toxic shock syndrome - necrotizing fasciitis - streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - scarlett fever - rheumatic fever - erysipelas - capsule - primary pathogen - SpeA superantigen - otitis media - acute glomerulonephritis - cellulitis - pericarditis - Group B Strep - Beta hemolytic - pyogenic - neonatal meningitis and sepsis - pyogenic meningitis Streptococcus agalactiae Bacteria Facultative Gram + cocci in chains Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococcus) Bacteria Gram + cocci in short - Gamma hemolytic chains or pairs - pyogenic - VRE - UTI’s - sub-acute bacterial endocarditis Streptococcus faecium (Enterococcus) Bacteria Gram + cocci in short - Gamma hemolytic chains or pairs - pyogenic - VRE - UTI’s - sub-acute bacterial endocarditis Listeria monocytogenes Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram + bacillus Non-spore forming - No spores - aerotolerant - psychrotroph - invasin - listerolysin - hemolysins - Protein A - pedestal formation with actin - food borne disease - CNS infections - abortion - meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia - perinatal and neonatal infections Corynbacterium diphtheriae Bacteria Aerobic Gram + bacillus Non-spore forming - No spores - aerotolerant - normal flora of the eye - exotoxin - diphtheria - from toxin: myocarditis, cardiac failure, polyneuritis, death Actinomyces species (israelli) Bacteria Aerobic Gram + bacillus Non-spore forming - No spores - aerotolerant - actinomycosis “lumpy jaw” Bacillus anthracis Bacteria Aerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - aerobic - primary pathogen - capsule - toxin - anthrax - systemic infections from bites/scratches Bacillus cereus Bacteria Aerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - aerobic - vomiting toxin - GI intoxication or infection (food borne illness) Clostridium difficile Bacteria Anaerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - anaerobic - endospores and exotoxins - toxin A, toxin B, CDT-C - nosocomial infections - dehydration, AAD, AAC, CDAD, PMC, toxic megacolon, death - lower alimentary tract toxin - hemolysin - primary pathogen infections Clostridium perfringens Bacteria Anaerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - anaerobic - exotoxin - collagenase - lecithinase - primary pathogen - GI infections - clostridium gastroenteritis (can lead to pigbell) Clostridium botulinum Bacteria Anaerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - anaerobic - exotoxin - botulism - food poisoning - flaccid paralysis - GI intoxications Clostridium tetani Bacteria Anaerobic Gram + bacillus Spore-forming - Spores - anaerobic - exotoxin - neurotoxin - spastic paralysis - tetanus “lockjaw” Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacteria Aerobic Gram diplococcus Non-spore forming - IgA protease - antigenic variation - pilli - invasin and adhesin - endotoxin (lipid A) - LOS - perinatal or neonatal infections - neonatal gonorrhea - ophthalmia neonatorum - PID - rectal, pharyngeal, gonorrhea - DGI Neisseria meningitidis Bacteria Aerobic Gram diplococcus Non-spore forming - microbial - capsule - endotoxin (lipid A) - pilli - IgA protease - meningitis - sepsis - acute pyogenic meningitis - DIC, endotoxemia, shock Moraxella catarrhalis Bacteria Aerobic Gram diplococcus Non-spore forming Escherichia coli (including 0157:H7) Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram bacillus Non-spore forming motile - bacterial UTI’s - otitis media - normal flora - produces vitamin K - pedestal formation with actin - high neutrophils in urine - toxins and fimbriae on pathogenic strains - must attach for infection - +/- capsule - GI infections - gastroenteritis - enterohemorrhagic E. coli “hamburger disease” - HUS - UTI’s - perinatal and neonatal infections - meningitis and sepsis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria Facultatively aerobic Gram - bacillus Non-spore forming Motile - opportunistic pathogen - endotoxin and exotoxin - capsule - pyocyanin for blue-green pus - protease - hemolysins - toxin A - biofilms on lungs - snake bite tissue necrosis - commonly infects burn wounds (Salmonella) Enterica enterica, and enterica typhii Bacteria Facultatively aerobic Gram - bacillus Non-motile Non-spore forming - pedestal formation with actin - facultatively intracellular - shiga toxin - GI infections - salmonellosis - gastroenteritis - typhoid fever - snake bite tissue necrosis - bacteremia Shigella species Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram bacillus Non-spore forming - invasins - dysentery - GI infections Campylobacter jejuni Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram bacillus in a spiral Non-spore forming Vibrio cholerae Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram vibrio - Facultative halophiles - exotoxin - enterotoxin - heat labile - TCP toxin on pili - gastroenteritis - GI infections Yersinia pestis and Yersinia enterocolitica Bacteria Facultatively anaerobic Gram small bacillus - capsule - can live in phagocytes - black death/bubonic plague Heliobacter pylori Bacteria Wavy Gram microaerophilic bacillus - acid-tolerant - urease producing - special flagella - gastric and duodenal ulcers Haemophilus influenzae and ducreyi Bacteria Small aerobic Gram - - capsule coccobacillus - IgA protease - pili - endotoxin - OMP - otitis media - bacterial URTI’s - bacterial meningitis - pyogenic meningitis - chancroid / chancre Bordetella pertussis Bacteria Small aerobic Gram - - exotoxins coccobacillus - endotoxin - FTA filamentous hemagglutinin - whooping cough - pertussis pneumonia - GI infections - gastroenteritis - pertussis toxin - tracheal cytotoxin - lethal toxin (tissue necrosis) - LPS Pasteurella multocida Bacteria Small facultatively anaerobic Gram bacillus Bartonella species Bacteria Gram - coccobacilli Bartonella hensalae “cat scratch fever” - bacterial systemic infection from cat or dog bite/scratches - can lead to sepsis and septic shock - bacillary angiomatosis - proliferation of blood vessels and many bacteria - cat scratches lead to red tumor lesions and swollen lymph glands Francisella tularensis “Rabbit skinners disease” Bacteria - tularemia zoonotic disease Acinetobacter species Bacteria Bacteriodes Bacteria Aerobic or anaerobic Gram - bacillus Non-spore forming Fusobacterium Bacteria anaerobic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteria mycolic acid in cell wall prevents gram stain Strict aerobe, bacillus Mycobacterium leprae Bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae Bacteria No cell wall Treponema pallidum Bacteria No visible gram stain because lipids in cell wall Spirochaete - lipids in cell wall - endoflagella - syphilis Chlamydia trachomatis Bacteria Intracellular so no gram stain and too small Gram - - obligate intracellular parasites - infectious form: elementary body (EB) - trachomas - ocular chlamydia (A-C) - genital chlamydia (D-K, LGV) - predominant flora of the intestine - mycolic acid in cell wall - causes inflammation - facultatively intracellular - can become latent - cord factor - TB (tuberculosis) - XDR-TB - chronic disease - pneumonia - pharyngitis - metabolically active form: reticulate body (RB) - cannot make own ATP - pharyngitis - perinatal and neonatal infections - PID - NGU Entamoeba histolytica Parasites Protozoa Cyst and trophozoite forms - feeds on RBC - cyst is resistant to chlorine - dysentery - ulcer formation and bloody diarrhea Giardia lamblia Parasites Protozoa Cyst and trophozoite forms - cysts are hardy and resistant to chlorine - caused by contaminated drinking water - giardiasis “beaver fever” - intestinal upsets, flatulence, nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea Trichomonas vaginalis Parasites Protozoa No cyst stage, transmitted sexually Flagellate, motile Acanthamoeba species Parasites Protozoa Cyst and trophozoite stage - grows in water, exists as a cyst in dust - contact lense-wearers - can lead to eye loss Cryptosporidium parvum Parasites Protozoa Cyst stage - requires ZN stain - oocysts are highly resistant to chlorine - chronic diarrhea, more severe in immunocompromised Toxoplasma gondii Parasites Protozoa Tissue cysts and oocysts - acquired from undercooked meat (tissue cysts) or cat feces (oocysts) - bad for pregnant women Trypanosoma cruzi Parasites Protozoa - reduviid/kissing bug vector - chagas disease Trypanosoma brucei Parasites Protozoa - tsetse fly vector - african sleeping sickness Leishmania species Parasites Protozoa - sand fly vector - live and develop in macrophages - visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous syndromes Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Protozoa - transmitted by anopheles mosquito - most dangerous malaria because it affects all ages of RBC - fever, chills, sticky collections build up in blood and occlude capillaries causing organ death - intense itching and inflammation of pubic area - cerebral malaria - anemia - kidney failure Plasmodium malariae Parasites Protozoa - transmitted by anopheles mosquito - malaria Plasmodium vivax Parasites Protozoa - transmitted by anopheles mosquito - malaria Plasmodium ovale Parasites Protozoa - transmitted by anopheles mosquito - malaria Plasmodium knowlesii Parasites Protozoa Enterobius vermicularis Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Eggs are infective stage - lives in large intestine - produces glue (irritant) to stick eggs to skin - eggs are infectious stage and transmitted by direct contact with eggs or eggs stirred up in dust - daycare settings - not serious, but very infectious Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Eggs are infective stage (Pinworm) Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) - lives in small intestine of pigs, cows, and horses - eggs in soil very hardy - adult worms are dioecious - diagnosis by examination of feces Trichuris trichuria Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Hookworm Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Larvae are infectious stage - enters intact skin of bare feet - lymph and circulatory → lungs → coughed up → swallowed into small intestine - only in warm climates - eggs excreted in feces Anisakis Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Larvae are infectious stage - fish nematodes accidentally infect humans in larval form (like sushi) - rare infection - prevent by heating or - causes anemia by sucking blood blast freezing Trichinella spiralis Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Larvae are infectious stage - ingestion of undercooked pork, bear, boar, walrus - larvae encyst in striated muscle fibers (and heart) - muscle weakness is dominant symptom - difficult to treat Blood hematodes (filaria) Parasites Metazoa Nematodes Larvae are infectious stage - adult worms live in lymph tissue or subcutaneous tissue - transmitted by mosquitoes - microfilariae (offspring) circulate through blood stream or subcutaneous tissues - lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) - onchocerciasis Schistosoma (hematobium, japonicum, mansoni) Parasites Metazoa Trematode (Flukes) - infected by larvae that penetrate intact skin in fresh water - adults hide under protein coat they steal from host - worms reside in venous plexus of bladder or intestine - “swimmers itch” caused by duck schistosome - eggs cause inflammation Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Parasites Metazoa Cestodes infectious tissue larvae ingested by humans in infested meat eggs passed in feces - intestinal parasites - head/scolex has suckers or hooks for attachment - transmitted by undercooked beef - intestinal infection - usually mild symptoms Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) Parasites Metazoa Cestodes Person-person transmission possible Transmission: > eggs (BAD) > larvae - intestinal parasites - head/scolex has suckers or hooks for attachment - transmitted by undercooked pork - intestinal infection - deep tissue infection - cerebral cysts cause cysticercosis Echinococcus granulosus species (dog tapeworm) Parasites Metazoa Cestodes - small tapeworm, humans are dead-end host - dogs, coyotes, dingos - larvae develops into a hydatid cyst with hundreds or worm parts but cannot form full tapeworm in humans Sarcoptes scabei (scabies) Parasites Metazoa Ectoparasites - mites burrow into skin (life span 30 days) and lay eggs - host defenses cause inflammation around their burrows and intense - other sarcoptes mites do not live on humans itching - secondary infections with skin bacteria Pediculus humanus (head lice) Parasites Metazoa Ectoparasites - surface dwellers - penetrate skin with mouth, sucks blood - female glues eggs to hair shafts - eggs hatch in 5-10 days - Secondary infections when feces are crushed into wounds Phthirus pubis (pubic lice/crabs) Parasites Metazoa Ectoparasites - surface dwellers - penetrate skin with mouth, sucks blood - female glues eggs to hair shafts - eggs hatch in 5-10 days - Secondary infections when feces are crushed into wounds Candida albicans Fungi Yeast - pseudohyphae - normal flora in gut and mouth - opportunistic pathogen - candidiasis - thrush - vaginal yeast infections - systemic mycosis - mouth and throat infections in neonates - UTI’s Cryptococcus neoformans and gatti Fungi Yeast - polysaccharide capsule - found in pigeon bird poop - meningitis in immunocompromised Pneumocystis jiroveci Fungi Yeast - opportunistic yeast that infects people with AIDS, immunosuppressed, or transplant patients - found in dust and respiratory tract - insidious symptoms - pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) - symptoms: dry cough, no purulent sputum, no pus in lungs like normal pneumonia Malessezia furfur Fungi Yeast - yeast on the surface of the skin that causes discolouration of skin spots - normal flora of the skin - superficial, mild infection Saccharomyces species Fungi Yeast Aspergillus species Fungi Mold - yeast used for baking, wine, leavening dough - nonpathogenic - systemic mycosis - causes aspergillosus when spore gets pushed into tissues Sporothrix schenkii Dimorphic Fungi - fungal spores introduced into wound after trauma (like rose thorn prick) Histoplasma capsulatum Dimorphic Fungi - not infectious Coccidiodes immitis Dimorphic Fungi Blastomyces dermatitidis Dimorphic Fungi Herpesviridae DNA virus enveloped HSV-1, HSV-2, HHV-3…, VZV, CMV, EBV Poxviridae DNA virus enveloped Vaccinia, variola, molluscum, contagiosum (smallpox, monkeypox etc.) Adenoviridae Adenovirus DNA virus nonenveloped Upper respiratory tract, eye infections, GI infections Papillomaviridae DNA virus nonenveloped HPV, polyomavirus (JC virus) Parvoviridae DNA virus nonenveloped Parvo B19 Hepadnavirus DNA virus enveloped HBV (Hepatitis B) Retroviridae RNA virus enveloped HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2 Flaviviridae RNA virus enveloped WNV. yellow fever, dengue fever, zika virus, HCV Filoviridae RNA virus enveloped Ebola Orthomyoxoviridae RNA virus enveloped Influenza A, B, C Picornoviridae RNA virus non-enveloped HAV, HCV, HDV, HPE, poliovirus, rhinovirus Coronaviridae Coronavirus RNA virus Enveloped Covid-19 Beta is serious group SARS, common cold Calciviridae RNA virus non-enveloped Norovirus gastroenteritis Reoviridae RNA virus non-enveloped Rotavirus gastroenteritis Paramyxoviridae RNA virus enveloped Measles (rubeola), mumps, PIV - “rose gardeners disease” - lymphangitis Parainfluenza RNA virus enveloped Croup Rhabdoviridae RNA virus enveloped Rabies Togaviridae RNA virus enveloped Rubella