Unit 3: Skeletal System Lesson 1: Skeletal Tissue

Unit 3: Skeletal System Lesson 1: Skeletal Tissue The Skeletal System skeletal tissue differences in cartilage and bone ►Functions of bone ►Bone classification ►Structure of bone - From cells of mature bone The two types of bone The periosteum ►Bone growth, remodelling and repair ►How do nurses use this information? Bone/Skeletal Tissue Overview ►also referred to as osseous tissue ►is a supporting connective tissue, with a mostly calcified matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibers ►osteocytes in lacunae goodnotes for this diagram Review on ►osteons ►surrounded by periosteum, which functions to attach bone to surrounding tissues ►review comparison of cartilage and bone: TABLE 4-2 (p. 140) Flashcards on cartilage v. bone: What are the primary functions of the skeletal system? 1.Support- bones are the body’s infrastructure 2.Storage of minerals & lipids- calcium salts (98% of the body’s calcium is in the bones); lipids (energy stored in yellow bone marrow) 3.Blood cell production- blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) produced in the red bone marrow 4.Protection- surrounds and supports many delicate organs (brain, heart/lungs) 5.Leverage- act as levers, working with muscles to produce movement Bone Classification 1.Sutural bones- small, flat, irregular shaped bones; found between the flat bones of the skull 2.Irregular bones – bones of complex shape; includes the vertebrae and bones of the pelvis 3.Short bones – boxlike in appearance; found in the wrists and ankles 4.Flat bones – characterized by thin, parallel surfaces and flattened appearance; includes the sternum, scapulae, and skull bones 5.Sesamoid bones – small, round and flat bones found near joints of the knees, hands or feet 6.Long bones – relatively long and slender; includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs Supplemental review diagram thing on goodnotes Long Bones ►Terms to know: ►Diaphysis ►Epiphysis ►Metaphysis bone tissue The Structure of Bone: From cells to mature bone (know this order) Structure of Bone: Two Types of Bone 1.COMPACT BONE •Dense and hard •Functional unit is an osteon •Tends to make up the shaft of long bones •Found in areas where stresses are not multidirectional (such as the femur or humerus) 2.SPONGY BONE •Functional units are trabeculae •Trabeculae form a branching network •Found in center and at ends of long bones •Found in areas where bone is under less stress or where stress is multidirectional The Structure of Bone: The Periosteum ►What is the periosteum? ►Where is the periosteum? ►Made up of 2 layers: - outer layer of fibrous connective tissue inner layer of osteoprogenitor cells ►Functions of the periosteum: - Separation and protection Point of attachment for blood vessels and sensory nerves Participates in growth and repair of bones Connects bone to the surrounding connective tissue network What about the bone marrow? Yellow Bone Marrow Red Bone Marrow Bone Formation ►Ossification (osteogenesis) - The physical processes of bone formation What is the difference between ossification and calcification? ►2 types of ossification: ● ● - Endochondral ossification Where existing cartilage (hyaline cartilage) is replaced by bone Occurs mainly in long bones Intramembranous ossification Also known as dermal ossification Occurs mainly in flat bones Refer to the 5 steps in Fig 6-13 bone growth Bone Growth ►Interstitial Growth - Growth in length Epiphyseal closure and epiphyseal cartilages ►Appositional Growth - Growth in diameter/thickness ►Meeting the energy needs of growing bones Bone Remodeling & Repair ►Bone Remodeling - The process by which bone is recycled Part of normal bone maintenance Involves coordinated activity of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts Changes in bone shape and thickness as a response to stress ►Bone Repair - Bone fractures Basic steps of fracture repair: hematoma formation → callus formation → spongy bone formation → compact bone formation Bone Remodeling & Repair: Nutritional & Hormonal Factors ►Requires calcium & phosphorus ►Role of Vitamin C & Vitamin D ►Important hormones to remember: - Calcitrol Growth Hormone & Thyroxine Sex Hormones Parathyroid Hormone & Calcitonin Review on goodnotes A Bit More About Calcium… ►Skeletal tissue functions as a calcium reserve ►Calcium plays a role in numerous physiological processes, including bone growth and repair, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and cardiac & nerve function. ►Figure 6-16 and 6-17 describe how the body controls calcium ion concentrations Bone Markings Go to purpose games and find bone marking games bone markings bone markings How do nurses use this information? ►Common clinical language (for communication and documentation) ►Landmarks for physical assessments ►Landmarks for nursing skills ►Understanding the effects of aging on the skeletal system External Resources: - bone formation and endochondral ossification periosteum bones Readings: - Chapter 6 (pp.181-204) Mastering AP: - Dynamic study modules - Practice questions (go to chapter, practice tests) - Questions in the textbook Can also draw (or make mind map) Look at registerednursern questions types of bone quiz alt version unit 3 lesson 1 flashcards