Drug Names - Infection

Drug Name & Type Effect & Uses Mechanism of Action Side Effects Etc. Penicillins Antibacterial drug Prevent peptidoglycan synthesis – transpeptidase (TP) enzymes Any antibiotics can cause issues with gut flora -GI problems >.< Drug resistance – yikes Three groups: semisynthetic, cephalosporins, and natural Oxacillin & Methicillin Prevents betalactam cleavage semisynthetic penicillins; betalactam antibiotics Ampicillin Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillins; betalactam antibiotics Amoxicillin Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillins; betalactam antibiotics Cephalothin Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins conflict with vitamin K metabolism and increase risk of bleeding cephalosporins; beta-lactam antibiotics Cefixime Vancomycin Narrow spectrum G+; narrow spectrum Inhibits glycan formation Page 526-528 Inhibits protein synthesis – 70S ribosomes Used to treat MRSA; now VRE is an issue cephalosporins; beta-lactam antibiotics Polypeptide antibiotic Chloramphenicol// Antibacterial drug Group B Binds to 50S portion and inhibits peptide bond formation Eryhtromycin// Group B Antibacterial drug Inhibits protein synthesis – 70S ribosomes Strptomycin// Group B Antibacterial drug ^^ Tetracyclines// Group B Antibacterial drug; broad spectrum ^^ Contraindicated ((of a condition or circumstance) suggest or indicate that (a particular technique or drug) should not be used in the case in question.) – pregnancy, lactating, children under 8 page 524-529 Drug Name & Type Effect & Uses Mechanism of Action Macrolides Antibacterial Similar to penicillins but not really Erythromycin// macrolides Used as an alternative to penicillin Streptogramins Used for vancomycin resistant G+ bacteria Polymixin B// group C Polypeptide antibiotic Change membrane permeability Amphotericin B (fungizone) // group C ^^ ^^ Nystatin// group C ^^ ^^ Trimethoprim- Antibacterial Compete with Side Effects Etc. Longer half-life than penicillin sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) drug// antimetabolite PABA – inhibits folic acid synthesis Isoniazid (prodrug) Antituberculosis drug Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis (cell wall component) Rash, fever, numbness of hands and feet First line Bacteriocidal for dividing cells and bacteriostatic for dormant cells Rifampin (Rifadin, Roafact) Antituberculosis drug Inhibits cell wall synthesis First line Ethambudol Antituberculosis drug Inhibits tubercle formation First line Pyrazinamide (Tebrazid) Antituberculosis drug Stops bacterial growth and can penetrate the tuburcle First line Interferons (active) Hepatitis virus infection Boost the immune response Pg 568 & table 46.4 IFN alfa-2b Chronic HBV infection Drug Name & Type Effect & Uses IFN alfacon-1 Chronic HCV infection PEG IFN alfa-2a and PEG IFN alfa-2b Chronic HBV and HCV infection Adefovir (Viread) Chronic hep B infection// infection combined with HIV Inhibits DNA polymerase/ reverse transcriptase – no DNA synthesis Antiretrovirals HIV – cocktails work better Reverese transcriptase inhibition (nucleotides, nonnucleoside, Mechanism of Action Side Effects Etc. PEG prolongs the effect of the IFN Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headaches, weakness, fever Integrase – link DNA strands (inhibition – inhibits DNA PR Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir) HIV – symptomatic and asymptomatic Prophylactically for HIV exposure and nucleosides); integrase inhibitor; protease inhibition formation) Mimics thymidine – inhibits reverse transcriptase(RT) and produces defective DNA strands Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor Nucleoside is a nucleotide without phosphate Allows HIV pos mom’s to breast feed – when the mom and baby are both taking the drug – without any concern. ☺ Reverse transcriptase inhibitors – viral DNA produce doesn’t work well. It’s stopped the viral transmission from one cell to another PR Nevirapine (Viramune) HIV infection (in cocktail) Binds to RT – no viral DNA production Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, etc. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor PR Saquinavir (Invirase) HIV infection; initial therapy Inhibits HIV-1 protease (no HIV maturation) Nausea, ab pain, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. Protease inhibitor Severe: body fat redistribution, difficulty breathing, fever, etc. Drug Name & Type Effect & Uses Mechanism of Action Side Effects Etc. PR Amphotericin B (Fungizone) Severe systemic mycoses; prophylactic antifungal therapy Bind to ergesterol – increasing cell permeability Azoles Broad spectrum, versatile group of antifungals ^^ PR Fluconazole (Diflucan) Candida albicans; Cryptococcal meningitis, drug resistant fungi Interfere with ergosterol synthesis Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Crohn’s Disease, colitis, etc. Bind to DNA & disrupt structure Nausea, vomiting, no appetite. Malaria -Prophylaxis and treatment Prevent heme breakdown (plasmodium cannot survive without nutrition) PR Metronidazole (Flagyl) Chloroquine Treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory Acute fever, nausea, headache, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalance, etc. Less toxic than amphotericin B Severe: StevensJohnson syndrome Prevent DNA synthesis Nausea, diarrhea, CNS toxicity, renal toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity. (no stressing) Because it inhibits activity of histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins, reducing inflammation, it can be used for inflammatory disorders