Anatomy 140 - Learning Objectives Units 1-11

ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Unit 1 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Chapter 1 In Lesson 1, we’ll be covering a basic introduction to the terms used frequently in anatomy (and in nursing, medicine and healthcare in general). The body is understood in terms of an organizational hierarchy in which each level of organization builds on the previous one, from chemical building blocks right up through the systems that make up the whole human. Additionally the body is divided into different regions and discrete body cavities. There are directional terms used to provide a common language when discussing the body, examples of these include proximal, distal, inferior and superior. It is vital for novice healthcare providers to learn, understand and use these terms as they form the universal language used in assessing, communicating about, learning about and providing care for patients. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Define the terms “Anatomy” and “Physiology”. Define each of the following levels of organization that make up the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, and system. Identify the principle systems of the human body and list representative organs of each system. Describe the orientation of the human body in the anatomical position. Define several directional terms used in association with the anatomical position of the human body. List and describe the types of body movements that can occur at various joints, for example, abduction, adduction, flexion and extension, etc. Describe the principal body cavities, the organs they contain. Name and describe the abdominopelvic quadrants. Understand the clinical application of abdominopelvic quadrants. Lesson 2 - TISSUES Chapter 3 There are four major types of tissues: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue and neural tissue. In unit 1B, we will explore the four different types of tissues in terms of their structure and composite parts, their function, and their locations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define the term “tissues”, and classify the tissues of the body into 4 major types. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue. List the structure, location and function for the basic types of epithelial tissue. Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue. List the structure, function, and location of the basic types of connective tissue. Define the term “membrane” and describe the location and functions of the membranes listed below:  mucous membrane (mucosa)  serous membrane (serosa)  cutaneous membrane  synovial membrane 7. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue with regard to structure, function and location. 8. Discuss the basic structure and function of neural tissue ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 The following pages can be excluded from your study: Chapter 1: Page 22 -23 Chapter 3: Embryology summary – page 82 – 85. Derivatives of primary germ layers on page 86 will be covered later in reproductive system. Unit 2 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Chapter 4 Unit 2, lesson 1 is all about the skin, also known as the integumentary system. The integumentary system is divided into two general parts: Cutaneous membrane (composed of the dermis and epidermis); and Accessory structures (composed of hair, nails and exocrine glands). In unit 2, lesson 1 we will explore the structure and function of the components of the cutaneous membrane; and the structure and function of hair, nails and exocrine glands. The relevance of understanding the integument in clinical practice will also be discussed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define the term integumentary system and describe the functions. Identify the four types of cells found within the epidermis and their functions. Explain the basis for different skin colour. List and identify the various type of glands associated with the skin. Compare and contrast sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands Lesson 2 - THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 5 In lesson 2, we will discuss the skeletal system. Bones have several functions, including mineral storage, providing a frame for the body, protection of delicate organs and production of blood cells. In terms of the structure of bone, there are four types of cells in mature bone, and they help to make up two different kinds of bone: spongy and compact bone. In this unit we will discuss how injured bones repair themselves, as well as how bones are classified and what some common bone classifications are. 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify the different types of bone cells and list the functions of each. Describe the histological features of bone tissues. List and describe the gross feature of a long bone. Classify bones on the basis of their shapes, locations and give examples for each type. Study Bone marking terminology from page # 134 - 135, table 5.1 ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 The following pages can be excluded from your study: Chapter 4: Hair follicles and hair From page 98 – 101 (Note: still need to read the blood supply and the nerve supply to the skin on page 98) Chapter 5: Bone development and growth Page 122 – 126 Unit 3 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – Axial Division Chapter 6 Unit 3, lesson 1 is about the axial skeletal system. The skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular divisions. The axial skeleton is composed of bones making up the head, spinal column and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton is made up of limb bones and bones connecting limb to torso. In this unit we will cover skull/facial bones, vertebrae, and the thoracic cage. Within each of the three sections, we will cover the common bones, their location and how they are organized. The information in this unit is important in that it provides content that will be used regularly in the clinical area, and it continues to build on the language healthcare providers commonly use. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions. Identify the bones of the axial skeleton. Identify the bones of the skull and sutures. Skull bone  Identify the sutures  Identify the cranial bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, mastoid process (feel in your head)  Identify the facial bones, maxilla, mandible, nasal, zygomatic bone  Identify the foramen magnum  Identify the names and functions of paranasal sinuses Describe the general structure of vertebrae and explain the primary and secondary curves.  Count the number of vertebral bones and identify cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx  Describe the atlas, axis, and features of typical cervical vertebra  Describe the special characteristic features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae  Feel the spinous process of the 7th cervical spine on your neck Identify the parts of the rib cage and compare and contrast the various types of ribs.  Count the pairs of ribs, how many true ribs, false and floating ribs? What are the features?  Identify head, neck, costal angle, costal groove and body of the rib bone  Count the intercostals spaces on your body. Feel the collar bone and sternal angle.  Identify sternum, sternal angle, suprasternal notch, xiphoid process. Feel for the trachea at supra sternal notch on your body. ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Lesson 2: Appendicular Division Chapters 7 In this unit we look at the anatomy of the appendicular skeletal system, paying attention to those bones that we will encounter more commonly in clinical settings. We will also examine the anatomy and function of different kinds of joints. Appendicular System 1. 2. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb and their prominent surface features. Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle and lower limb and their prominent surface features 3. Scapula: Identify anterior and posterior surface, spine, acromion process, glenoid cavity 4. Identify the following bones and its parts in the upper extremity.  Clavicle – sternal end and acromial end  Humerus – Proximal, distal, shaft (diaphysis), head, lateral and medial epicondyles  Radius – Head, neck, shaft  Ulna – Olecranon, shaft, head and styloid process  Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges of the hand 5. Identify the following bones and its parts in the lower extremity.  Bones of the pelvis, anterior superior iliac spine, acetabulum and list the skeletal differences between male and female pelvis  Femur – Head, neck, proximal and distal end, greater and lesser trocanter, shaft, lateral and medial condyle and epicondyle  Fibula – Head, shaft, lateral malleolus (how to identify medial or lateral?)  Tibia – Medial condyle, lateral condyle, shaft and medial malleolus (how to identify medial or lateral, proximal and distal?  Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the feet  Patella Lesson 3: Articulations Chapter 8 1. 2. 3. Define a joint Compare and contrast the structural and functional classification of joints List the structure of a synovial joint and explain the functions. The following pages can be excluded from your study: Chapter 6: Nothing Chapter 7: Nothing ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Chapter 8: The joints of the hand – page 227 - 228 Unit 4 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 and 2: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND AXIAL MUSCULATURE Chapters 9 and 10 In unit 4, lesson 1 and 2, we look at the muscular system as well as the axial musculature. The muscular system has unique terms used to describe types of muscles, how and where they attach to tendons and how their movements are named. In addition to their names, muscles are also identified when they’re moving, by whether they are the prime mover in a movement, a helper (or synergist) in a given movement, or an antagonist, opposing the movement. The axial musculature deals with those muscles involved in movement along the axial skeleton. Axial muscles include those of the head and neck, the vertebral column, the abdomen and chest, and the pelvic floor. Axial Musculature 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Explain how muscles are described according to their location and cooperative function. Explain what is meant by synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups. Locate the major muscles of the axial skeleton. Define the major actions of each muscle. Use the name of muscle to help identify and remember its orientation, location, appearance and action. Predict the actions of a muscle on the basis of its name, origin and insertion. Muscles of the head and neck: facial muscles – Sternocleidomastoid muscle Muscles of the spine  Oblique and rectus muscle  Oblique muscles can compress underlying structures or rotate the spinal column. Include – scalenes, external intercostals/internal intercostals, external oblique/internal oblique, tranversus abdominis  Rectus muscles are for flexion of the spine. Include – diaphragm, rectus abdominis  Muscles of the pelvic floor List the names and functions of muscles of respiration For each of the following muscles, learn the name, location and function:              Orbicularis oris Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus major Masseter Temporalis Sternocleidomastoid Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Diaphragm External intercostal Internal intercostals ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Lesson 3 - Appendicular Musculature Chapter 11 1. Identify the following major muscles of the appendicular skeleton (upper limb) 1. Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs 1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Posterior view – trapezius, rhomboideus, levator scapulae Anterior view – pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus   anterior Muscles that move the arm II.      Deltoid, Biceps, Triceps Teres major and Teres minor Coracobrachialis Latissimus dorsi Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis Muscles that move the forearm  Anterior (flexors) in the forearm II.  II. Brachioradialis, pronator teres, flexorcarpiradialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum (superficialis and profundus) Posterior (extensors) in the forearm Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris  supinator Identify the following major muscles of appendicular skeleton (lower limb)  B. I. II. III. Muscles of the thigh: The gluteal group, Lateral rotator group, adductor group, Iliopsoas group. Muscles that move the leg: Flexors of the knee - Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, poplitueus. Extensors of the knee – Rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis Muscles that move the foot: Tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius The following pages can be excluded from your study: Chapter 9: Microanatomy of skeletal muscle fibers from page 246 – 255 (Because it was covered in physiology) Levers and Pulleys from page 261 – 262 ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Chapter 10: Nothing Chapter 11: Intrinsic muscles of the hand (pictures) from page 306 – 307 Intrinsic muscles of the foot and toes (pictures) from page 322 - 323 Unit 5 - Learning Objectives THE NERVOUS SYSTEM In this unit we examine the cells that make up the nervous system as well as the synapses between nerve cells. The anatomy of the spinal cord as well as its protective structures will be discussed. Peripheral nerve distribution and plexuses are examined as well. Finally we’ll look at reflex arcs. Lesson 1 - Chapters 13 Neural Tissue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Compare and contrast the anatomical and physiological subdivisions of the nervous system. Distinguish between neuroglia and neurons List and describe the different types of neuroglia and their functions Describe the structure of a typical neuron Review the different types of synapses Excluded from reading Nothing Lesson 2 - Chapters 16 In this unit, the anatomy of the brain will be discussed as well as the different structures within the brain. The cranial nerves and their functions will be covered. The structure and function of white matter will be compared to that of grey matter. The brain and cranial nerves 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the major regions of the brain and describe their functions. Describe the cortex, gyri, fissures and sulci of the cerebrum Identify and describe the ventricles of the brain including the formation and circulation of CSF. Describe the functions of the basal ganglion and the limbic system Identify the major arteries that supply blood to the brain and explain the importance of bloodbrain barrier. ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. FALL 2013 Describe the locations and functions of the sensory, association and motor areas of the cerebral cortex Describe the location, structural components, and function of the diencephalon, and brain stem. Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum Define the term “cranial nerve” and identify the twelve pairs of cranial nerves by name, number, and functions. Discuss the formation, flow and function of cerebrospinal fluid. Discuss the structure and location of gray matter and white matter, and describe the roles of both in processing and relaying sensory and motor information. Excluded from reading Embryology of the brain – page # 406 Functions of Thalamic nuclei – page # 419 Unit 6 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - The spinal cord and spinal nerves Chapter 14 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal cord. Describe the protective structures (hard bony skull, vertebral column, and meninges) of the brain and spinal cord. Describe the peripheral distribution of spinal nerves. Define nerve plexus and identify the four main spinal nerve plexuses Describe the structural and functional components of a reflex arc, and explain the relationship of reflexes to homeostasis. Distinguish between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex. Excluded from reading Nerve plexuses – pages # 376 - 385 Lesson 2 - Autonomic Nervous System Chapters 17 The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system. In this unit we will look at the components of the ANS, with a focus on the organization of the peripheral nervous system, and the anatomy of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Compare the structural and functional characteristics of the somatic and autonomic nervous system. Identify the principal structural features of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system. Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of structure, physiology and neurotransmitters released. Describe the levels of integration and control of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the autonomic reflex arc. ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Excluded from reading Nothing Unit 7 - Learning Objectives Chapter 24: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system is divided into two sections: the upper and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose and pharynx. The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The structure and function of each of these components of both upper and lower respiratory tract will be discussed in unit 4B. Additionally, pulmonary blood supply and the location and function of pleural membranes will be covered. Finally, the relevance of the respiratory tract to clinical practice will be described as well as some common clinical applications. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Identify the structures of the respiratory system and describe its locations. Distinguish between the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory tract. Identify the boundaries of the nasal cavity and its relationship with the paranasal sinuses. Differentiate the three anatomical regions of the pharynx. Describe the structure of the larynx and explain its function in respiration and voice production. Describe the location and structure of the respiratory tubes that form the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membranes, the division of the lungs into lobes and compare the structure of the right and left lung. Describe the pleural cavities and pleural membranes Identify and describe the actions of the muscles involved in both quiet and forced respiration. Clinical application – Respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, pleural effusion Excluded from reading Nothing Unit 8 - Learning Objectives THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Lesson 1 - THE HEART Chapter 21 ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Units 8, lesson 1 and 2 look at the heart and the circulatory system. The heart has a well-defined location and orientation with associated terminology vital to understanding cardiac assessment and documentation. The heart essentially functions as a pump, moving deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and oxygenated blood into systemic circulation. Essential to understanding cardiac anatomy, understands the mechanical (pumping) function of the heart, as well as the blood supply to the heart itself, and finally the conduction system driving the heart. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe the location of the heart in relation to other structures of the thoracic cavity and identify its borders. Describe the structure and functions of the pericardium and heart wall. Describe the internal anatomy of the chambers of the heart. Trace the flow of blood through the heart and distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Discuss the route of blood in coronary (cardiac) circulation. Describe the location of parts of the conduction system of the heart and trace the pathway of impulse initiation and conduction. Excluded from reading Nothing Lesson 2 - BLOOD VESSELS Chapter 22 This unit looks at the circulatory system. In this unit we examine the path oxygenated blood takes as it leaves the heart into either pulmonary or systemic circulation. We follow the circulatory system from heart, to arteries, arterioles, capillaries and back toward the heart via venules and veins. 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify the major arteries and the locations at which arterial pulsations can be best detected. Contrast the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Prepare a flow chart of arterial branches of the head, neck, chest and abdomen. Discuss the structure and functions of capillaries and the pathophysiology of edema. Excluded from reading Nothing Unit 9 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Chapter 23 In unit 9, lesson 1, the function and structure of this important immune-related system is examined. 1. 2. 3. 4. List the major structures involved in the lymphatic system State the purpose of the lymphatic system. Describe the major pattern of lymphatic drainage and its relationship with blood. Discuss the role of immune cells and types of immunity. ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 Excluded from reading Nothing Lesson 2 - THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Chapter 25 Lesson 2 examines the gastro-intestinal tract. We will first look at a general overview of the anatomy of the tract, from mouth through to anal canal. Within each segment of the GI tract, we will briefly look at the histology of the lining of the tract as well as any accessory structures. Finally, the organs associated with the GI tract: liver, pancreas and gall-bladder will be examined with regard to their anatomy. 1. GASTRO – INTESTINAL TRACT IN GENERAL Identify the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory organs of digestion.  Describe the general histology of the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract.  Describe the peritoneum and its folds. MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)  Describe the structure of the tongue.  Identify the location and histology of the salivary glands. GASTROINTESTINAL STRUCTURES  Describe the anatomy and histology of the esophagus.  Describe the anatomy (including major regions) and histology of the stomach.  Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the small intestine and how it is modified for digestion and absorption.  Describe the gross anatomy and histology of the large intestine.  Identify the differences between the walls of large intestine and the small intestine. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS  Describe the anatomy and function of the liver and pancreas.  Describe the anatomy of the gallbladder.  Describe the pathways of hepato-biliary ducts in detail.  2. 3. 4. Excluded from reading The teeth – pages # 666 - 667 Unit 10 - Learning Objectives Lesson 1 - THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 19 In unit 10 - lesson 1, we examine the endocrine system by looking at the anatomy of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal and thymus glands as well as the pancreas. The hormonal communication between the glands and the effect of hormones on target organs will be discussed. 1. 2. Define endocrine gland, exocrine gland and list the endocrine glands of the body. Describe the location, histology, hormones and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis). 3. List the hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. FALL 2013 Describe the location, structure and histology of the thyroid gland. List the actions of the thyroid hormones. Briefly describe the parathyroid glands and the action of its hormone. Describe the location, structure and histology of the adrenal (suprarenal) glands. Explain the subdivisions of the adrenal glands into cortex and medullary portions. List the hormones secreted from the adrenal glands. Describe the location, structure and histology (endocrine and exocrine portions) of the pancreas. Identify the location of the pineal and thymus glands and indicate their endocrine functions. Excluded from reading Nothing Lesson 2 - THE URINARY SYSTEM Chapter 26 In lesson 2, the structure and basic function of the urinary system is addressed. Renal structure is vital to understanding the physiology of the kidney. Once the structure of the kidney has been explored, we will look at the structure of the remaining urinary structures in descending order. The ureters, bladder and urethra will be covered. Finally, studying urinary system anatomy has very important clinical implications for nursing practice; common clinical applications will be discussed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. List the components of the urinary system and their general functions. Describe the location of the kidneys and the gross anatomy of a kidney. Describe the structure of a nephron. Describe the blood supply to the kidney. Describe the location and gross anatomy of the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Excluded from reading Nothing Unit 11 - Learning Objectives Chapters 27 and 28 Lesson 1 - THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM In lesson 1, we examine the structure and function of both the male and female reproductive systems. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 1. 2. Describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the male reproductive system. List the various spermatic ducts and describe the location and structure of each segment. ANATOMY 140 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNITS 1-11 FALL 2013 3. Trace the path of sperm cells following from the site of their production to the site of fertilization. 4. Describe the structure of sperm cell and explain the function of each of its parts 5. Describe the structure and contents of the spermatic cord. 6. Describe the structure and function of the penis. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe the location, structure and functions of the organs of the female reproductive system Describe the position of the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. Describe the structure and normal position of the uterus. Identify the principal parts of the uterus. Describe the gross anatomy of the mammary glands Define and describe “perineum” Excluded from reading Nothing Lesson 2 - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT In this unit lesson 2, we will examine the development of the human from fertilization through the embryonic and fetal periods, to labor and birth. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain the major development events that occur during the embryonic period, including cleavage, morula formation, blastocyst development, and implantation. Name the 3 germ layers Describe the development and function of the placenta and umbilical cord. Define fetus and distinguish between the embryo and fetus. Explain the events associated with the three stages of labor. Clinical application – discuss different types of abnormal placentation Excluded from reading The neonatal period – pages # 765 - 798