The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids

The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids • • • • • • • Safavids began after the struggles of rival Turkic nomadic groups in the wake of the Mongol invasions Highly militant Shi’a Safavids Origins o Family of Sufi mystics and religious preachers o Shrine: Ardabil near the Caspian Sea o Sail al-Din, one of the Sufis gave the empire its name. Began military campaigns to purify and reform Islam Numbers of Red Heads, Safavid followers because of their red headgear increased. They began preaching Shi’a Islam. Enemies increased. Struggles began, 3 Safavid leaders perished. A surviving Sufi commander, Isma’il led his armies and took the city of Tabriz. He was named shah, emperor Isma’il’s followers took over most of Persia, drove out the Safavid’s enemies, the Ozbegs. Moved into Iraq Came into conflict with the Ottomans o August 1514, at Chaldiran the empire’s armies met
Sunnis vs. Shi’a
Use of firearms (Ottomans) o Safavids lost Politics and War Under the Safavid Shahs • After the defeat Isma’il retreated to his palace and tried to escape troubles through drink • New Shah, Tahmasp won the throne restored power of the dynasty • Under Shah Abbas I the empire reached the height of its strength and prosperity • Turkic chiefs were changed into warrior nobility, they controlled villages. The peasants were required to give them food and labor • Safavid rulers recruited Persian for positions at court • Abbas the Great o Made use of the youths who were captured in Russia. Educated them and converted them to Islam
Made up the backbone of the military
“slave” regiments o Got Europeans to teach army how to use cannons and guns
Special regiments were set up State and Religion • Safavid family was Turkic stock, early Shahs wrote in Turkish • After Chaldiran Persian began to take over as the language • Safavids took titles as padishah, king of kings • Elaborate court rituals at the palace • Shahs claimed to be descendants of one of the imams, successors of Ali • Safavids imported Arabic-speaking Shi’a experts • Later shahs began to rely on Persian religious scholars, paid by the government • Mullahs, local mosque officials and prayer leaders o All religious leaders were required to curse the first 3 caliphs and mention the Safavid ruler in the Friday sermon • Most of the Iranian population was converted to Shi’ism during the centuries of Safavid rule Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor • Abbas the Great… o Had a network of roads and rest houses built o Strove to make merchants and travelers safe within his domains o Encouraged merchants to trade not only with Muslim neighbors, but also with European countries o Devoted special attention to his capital: Isfahan
Laid out in a great square
Lined with 2 story shops
Great mosques
Government offices
Soaring arches that opened into gardens
Founded colleges
Public baths and rest houses
Patronized workshops o Mosques were the glory of his reign
Colored ceramic tiles
Massive domes
Graceful minarets
Geometric designs, floral patterns, and verses from the Quran
Gardens and reflective pools near mosques and rest houses Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons • Dominated by Warrior aristocrats, shared power with the absolute monarchs • Encouraged the growth of handicraft production and trade • Engineers, stonemasons, carpenters, and other artisans were reasonably well paid • Safavid economy remained contricted, less market oriented • Women o Were subordinate in the family to the fathers and husbands o Seldom had political or religious power Meager outlets for artistic or scholarly expression Struggled against the restrictions Wore brightly colored robes Didn’t cover faces in public Wives and concubines of rulers had power behind the scenes Many were active in money lending and trade Could invoke provisions in Islamic law that protected their right to inheritance, decent treatment by their spouses, and divorce in situations that have become intolerable o Most women were stuck doing household chores and domestic handicrafts o o o o o o o The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire • A weak grandson of Abbas became Shah, dynasty declined • There were not enough able Shahs to stop the decline • Disputes and rebellions broke out. Ottomans and Mughals were ready to take over the territory • By March 1722, Isfahan was besieged by Afghani tribes. In October 80,000 of the capitals inhabitants died. The empire ended. 10 years of war followed. • Nadir Khan Afshar came out victorious. Proclaimed himself Shah