1 Émile Durkheim suggested that mechanical solidarity created the ・social bonds that held agrarian societies together. ・conflict that held agrarian societies together. ・wide variety of societies that we have today. ・inequality that exists between the "haves" and the "have-nots." Answer: social bonds that held agrarian societies together. FEEDBACK: In Durkheim’s view, agrarian societies were held together by mechanical solidarity, which refers to many people doing very similar kinds of work (rather than extensive specialization). 2 Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology," largely through the development of a theory of human thinking called positivism. What does positivism attempt to do? ・reinforce the uplifting and positive aspects of the social lives of humans ・identify laws that convey the true state of the natural world ・overcome the defects inherent in human laws to create a positive society ・identify laws that describe the behavior of a reality Answer: identify laws that describe the behavior of a reality FEEDBACK: Auguste Comte felt that to improve society as a whole required guidance in the form of how we construct our reality. 3 Consider the macro-micro continuum in sociology. If you planned to study how your classmates in this particular class arranged their time to allow for the needed reading and writing work for the class, which level on this continuum would you turn to? ・Level 1, the self ・Level 5, groups ・Level 2, interaction ・Level 7, social institutions Answer: Level 5, groups FEEDBACK: Sociologists study all levels of social phenomena, ranging from macro to micro. Different perspectives best address different levels of analysis. 4 In regard to social classes, what sharp distinction did Karl Marx draw between the proletariat (laborers) and the bourgeoisie (owners) in a society? ・the prevalence and degree of false consciousness ・the ability to stage a revolution ・the perception of social inequality ・the control and ownership of the means of production Answer: the control and ownership of the means of production FEEDBACK: The theories and writings of Karl Marx have had a profound effect on many aspects of society and scholarship. The concept of the means of production, the way in which wealth can be created, was a central part of his work. 5 In terms of sociological perspectives, a photographer’s wide-angle lens is most likely to capture which perspective? ・conflict perspective ・micro perspective ・symbolic interactionist perspective ・dramaturgical perspective Answer: conflict perspective FEEDBACK: Sociological perspectives are much like a photographer’s lens. A wide-angle lens will capture the "big picture," much like conflict and functionalist perspectives explore the "big picture" or the macro level of analysis. 6 In the field of education, teaching students to solve math problems is an example of what kind of function? ・manifest ・latent ・disturbance ・structural Answer: manifest FEEDBACK: Manifest functions are the obvious, intended functions of a social structure. 7 Joe wants to know how changes in North Carolina state laws have related to foster care rates over the last twenty years. Which level of analysis might Joe be likely to use in his research? ・micro ・middle ・macro ・midrange Answer: macro FEEDBACK: Joe is looking at large-scale social patterns, a macro approach. If he opted to speak to local foster care children and parents about their experiences, this would be an example of a micro approach. 8 Kai needed a doctor, and his friend told him that Dr. Madeira was "very good." Kai scheduled an appointment with him the next day. Which perspective would explore how Kai defined the meaning of the term "good?" ・structural functionalism ・conversation analysis ・symbolic interactionism ・dramaturgy Answer: symbolic interactionism FEEDBACK: Symbolic interactionists explore the ways we understand meaning through interaction. 9 Nasko moved to the United States from Bulgaria at the age of nine. After moving, he felt disoriented because the environment was so strange to him. He experienced ・culture shock. ・rapid social movement. ・cultural fear. ・relocation confusion. Answer: culture shock. FEEDBACK: Culture shock often happens when a person is exposed to an unfamiliar environment.  10 Sociology overlaps with many other disciplines while also offering a unique perspective. Considering Figure 1.1 on page 10 in your text, select the discipline with which sociology overlaps. ・political science ・mathematics ・biology ・physics Answer: political science FEEDBACK: Sociology overlaps with many other social sciences while offering a unique sociological perspective. 11 Solidad carefully considers how she wants to present herself at her job interview later today. She intends to offer a very different presentation of herself than she did with her friends over drinks last night. Solidad recognizes that the way she presented herself last night is very different than the approach she will use today. With which theoretical paradigm does this statement best align? ・conversation analysis ・pragmatism ・ethnomethodology ・dramaturgy Answer: dramaturgy FEEDBACK: Dramaturgy is a theoretical perspective that uses the metaphor of the theater to understand how individuals present themselves to others. 12 There is a key difference between the everyday actor and the social analyst in their interactions with the social world that can be summed up as  ・the actor possesses knowledge that the analyst will never be able to understand, but the analyst can understand things that are not part of the actor’s world. ・the actor takes for granted what the analyst can grasp deeply, and the analyst must struggle to understand what the actor implicitly understands. ・there is no difference between how the actor and the analyst can understand the real social world. ・the actor understands well what has happened in the past, but the analyst is able to assess what is happening in the present. Answer: the actor takes for granted what the analyst can grasp deeply, and the analyst must struggle to understand what the actor implicitly understands. FEEDBACK: The everyday actor uses "reciped," or practical, knowledge while the social analyst questions the answers and explores "why" things are the way they are. 13 What basic idea associates George Herbert Mead with symbolic interactionism? ・the discovery of truth in the evaluation of its usefulness in everyday life ・assigned meanings as social processes requiring the interaction of many individuals ・the nature of race relations in America ・women’s unique and special responsibility in the solving of social problems Answer: assigned meanings as social processes requiring the interaction of many Individuals FEEDBACK: George Herbert Mead was a key contributor to symbolic interactionism. 14 What did Max Weber believe people would experience more of as the dehumanizing features of bureaucratic processes became increasingly prevalent in society? ・disenchantment ・anomie ・alienation ・simple frustration Answer: disenchantment FEEDBACK: Weber believed that contemporary life was filled with disenchantment caused by the rationalization of modern society, in which bureaucratic rules prevail. 15 What is it that Howard Becker defines as the study of people "doing things together"? ・social expectations ・social psychology ・sociology ・family Answer: sociology FEEDBACK: This is an informal definition of sociology that reminds us that neither the individual nor society exists in isolation. 16 1/ 1点 What quality of a sociologist is brought out by the exercise called "Beginner’s Mind," which is discussed in the chapter? ・Finding ways to actively engage ourselves in a large crowd of people helps hone our knowledge about our own social abilities. ・Being clear on our well established ways of thinking helps promote an open-minded approach. ・Getting in touch with our own inner feelings and perceptions helps us understand those of others. ・Being open and receptive to new experiences helps us understand what we do not already know. Answer: Being open and receptive to new experiences helps us understand what we do not already know. FEEDBACK: Utilizing a sociological perspective requires us to look beyond individual experiences or effort and focus more on wide societal changes. 17 What style of theorizing integrates empirical data gathered via specific research projects with larger-scale theories about social structure? ・midrange theory ・modernism ・deconstructionism ・scaled theory Answer: midrange theory FEEDBACK: Midrange theory is an approach that integrates empiricism and grand theory. 18 Which of the following concepts is central to postmodernism? ・construction ・deconstruction ・conversation analysis ・power imbalance Answer: deconstruction FEEDBACK: Postmodernism is a relatively new theoretical perspective that is interested in taking apart existing "grand narratives" and deconstructing existing knowledge; Section: New Theoretical Approaches. 19 Which sociological perspective explores how society is structured and maintains order? ・conflict ・functionalist ・symbolic interactionist ・postmodern Answer: functionalist FEEDBACK: Structural functionalism was the dominant theoretical perspective within sociology well into the mid-twentieth century. It assumes that the whole of a society functions as a result of all its constituent parts. 20 Which theory developed as a result of applying conflict theory assumptions specifically to gender inequality? ・queer theory ・critical theory ・feminist theory ・gender duality theory Answer: feminist theory FEEDBACK: Feminist theory is an offshoot of conflict theory that specifically focuses on gender inequalities and the way that gender structures the social world.