Theory Of Evolution And Pre Early Human Life

THEORY OF EVOLUTION AND PRE EARLY HUMAN LIFE 1. Write down the meaning of the theory of evolution based on expert opinions! The theory of evolution is a theory that discusses the changes or development of living things, their origins, and the genetic relationship between one living creature and another. In the theory of evolution, changes or development in living things occur due to a combination of three main systems, namely variation, reproduction and natural selection. In the reproduction and variation system, the characteristics or characteristics of a living creature which are the basis of evolution are carried by genes and passed on to the next generation. The inheritance of this gene can cause many variations within a population. In short, when living creatures reproduce, their offspring will have new traits, which can be more common or rarer than previous generations. These traits can occur due to gene mutations or gene transfer between populations or between species. The theory of evolution also states that evolution occurs due to a system of natural selection. In this natural selection, the characteristics that are detrimental to living things will decrease over time, while the beneficial characters will have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing. So, there will be more living creatures in the next generation who inherit these beneficial traits. Apart from that, adaptation is also an absolute aspect in the evolutionary system of living things, you know. For example, in today's humans, there are minor differences between people who live on the coast and people who live in the mountains. The number of red blood cells of people in the mountains is greater than the number of red blood cells of people on the beach. This is an evolutionary system that runs due to natural adaptations that occur in the human body. The peak of an evolutionary system is generally marked by the emergence of a new species. Based on history, the evolutionary system is what caused the emergence of many species of living creatures in this world. All living creatures have different species and these differences can be proof that the theory of evolution actually works in nature. Species differences can occur due to strict adaptation, geographical situation of the region, gene mutations, and natural selection. Evolution Theory According to Experts Some experts describe the theory of evolution as follows: 1) Anaximander Argues that the origin of life on earth is the ocean. Therefore, all living creatures on earth, including humans, were originally fish. When the heat of the sun causes land to appear on earth, living creatures move to land. According to him, this caused the evolution of living creatures from fish to various land creatures, as well as humans. 2) George Louis Leclerc Believe that the earth is too old, more than 7,000 years. Therefore, he believes that living things have existed and developed throughout the earth's lifetime based on their migratory movements. As a result of these migration movements, living creatures then need to adapt to their new environment. This pattern of adaptation is what causes living things to evolve because there is a relationship between organic particles that cause changes in the bodies of living things. 3) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Has two ideas regarding evolution. The first idea relates to the parts of the body that are used and not used by living creatures. Through this idea, he thought that parts of the body that living creatures constantly use in dealing with certain environments will be bigger and stronger than parts of the body that are rarely used. Meanwhile, body parts that are rarely used will experience decline. Lamarck's second idea is related to the inheritance of characters or signs that living things acquire in adapting to their environment. It is the inheritance of these characters or signs that modify the organism that it acquires throughout its life. For example, giraffes are said to have short necks, but because their necks are constantly stretched out to get leaves on tall trees, the giraffe's neck becomes long. This long neck is passed on to all his descendants. 4) Charles Robert Darwin Argues that evolution proceeds through a system of natural selection. Only living creatures that can adapt to nature can survive. In contrast to Lamarck who thought that giraffes initially only had short necks, Darwin argued that giraffe necks initially varied, some had short necks and some had long necks. Through the system of natural selection, short-necked giraffes then became extinct and only longnecked giraffes have managed to survive and reproduce until now. Apart from mentioning evolution based on a system of natural selection, Darwin also argued that all species on earth came from a common ancestor, which developed over time. 2. Explain the influence of the geographic environment on the physical condition of prehistoric humans The influence of the geographical environment is very influential in determining the way they live and subsequently their physical development as well. For example, the physique of someone who lives in the mountains can face cold temperatures and their physique tends to be stocky and big, unlike someone who lives in a coastal area, they tend to be resistant to the heat of the sun and usually their body size is smaller compared to people who live in the mountains. in the mountains. The geographical environment influenced the physical development of ancient humans. The geographical environment that can influence the physical development of ancient humans includes topography, climate or vegetation. For example, ancient humans who lived in cold mountainous areas and had rough topography had a physical form that was different from ancient humans who lived in coastal areas that tended to be warm and had a flat topography. Thus, the geographical environment that can influence the physical development of ancient humans includes topography, climate or vegetation. The geographical environment influences human activities. Human activities after that influenced the physical development of preliterate humans. A simple example is if we often work hard, such as chopping wood, catching fish, rowing a boat, the muscles in certain parts of the body can get stronger. Another example is that ancient humans often ate plants because they lived in an environment full of plants so their chewing muscles and jaws were large. 3. Explain why during the prehistoric era, prehistoric humans lived in groups The Pre-literate period was a historical period that contained human civilization that did not have a written language or writing system. Humans who lived in this era are called ancient humans. Ancient humans are a type of human that came before the existence of modern humans. There are 3 periods of life in pre-literate society, namely: a) The period of hunting and gathering food. In this era, ancient humans were always on the move (nomadic) because they did not have a permanent place to live. b) The farming period. In this era, ancient humans were able to settle in an area. c) The delay period. In this era, ancient humans were able to produce objects or produce metal. In these three eras, ancient humans always lived in groups to survive. Ancient humans equipped themselves and collaborated to face their surrounding environment. For example, to find places that provide lots of food, you need a fire for cooking and lighting at night. This can be done in group steps. Ancient humans lived in groups so they needed each other. Thus, early humans lived in groups for survival. Equip yourself and work together to face the surrounding environment. The history of ancient human life during the preliterate era already had types of residential patterns. Early human societies in the early era adopted a nomadic or nomadic residential pattern. There were two types of ancient human habitation patterns during the prehistoric era, namely areas close to water sources and living in the open. Around the water source there is a lot of food, such as animals and plants. When food sources run out, they can switch to exploring other areas. Types of Ancient Human Dwelling Patterns Quoted from the book History of Indonesia (2014) compiled by Mestika Zed and friends, it is explained that the typical patterns of early human dwellings are divided into two typical characteristics, namely as follows: • Proximity to water sources. Availability of water is fundamental to the needs of living things. So, in areas near water sources, there could be a lot of food for ancient humans, such as various types of animals and plants. • Life in the Outdoors Early humans tended to live near rivers. This pattern shows that early humans lived in the open and adopted a nomadic or sedentary pattern. Ancient humans also used caves as places to live or not stay for long. When the food sources around them run out, they can find a new place to live, and so on. 4. Explain the difference between the mesolithic and neolithic periods a) Mesolithic In the Middle Stone Age, early human life was spent mostly in caves called abri sous roche. The tools used use finer stones. And toothed arrows made from animals were used for hunting. The main characteristic of life in this era is the remains of kitchen waste called kjokkenmodinger. The next kitchen waste comes from shells that are piled up to make them petrified. The next trash can be found in areas along the east coast of Sumatra. The cultural result of this era is Bascon-Hoabinh. The supporting humans of this era are the Papuan melanosoide which consists of the Irian tribe in Papua and the aboriginal tribe in Australia. b) Paleolithic Human tools are still held together in a rough and unsharpened manner. Still hunting and gathering food together in a simple way. The supporter of this culture is Homo Erectus. In this era, humans were still moving around and not settling down. Relics from this era are impact axes, monofacials, chip tools and choppers. The results of this culture are found in many parts of Indonesia, especially in Sangiran, Central Java, and Cebbenge, South Sulawesi. c) Neolithic Called neolithic, it is a phase or level of culture in prehistoric times that has signs of cultural elements, such as sharpened stone tools, settled agriculture, animal husbandry, and pottery making. Humans have become supporters of food producing civilizations or what can be said include the era of hunting and gathering food. Humans in this era have lived permanently, farming and raising livestock. The people supporting the Young Stone Age were the Proto Malay people consisting of the Nias, Toraja and Dayak tribes. The cultural products they produce are shoulder axes, stone jewelry, square axes and oval axes. Most humans at that time had a mixture of Paleo-Mongoloid races. 5. Explain the physical differences between ancient humans found in Indonesia In various parts of the world, several ancient human fossils have been found. But, there is something special about making our country. Apparently, in Indonesia 8 types of ancient human fossils have been found. Ancient Humans in Indonesia a) Meganthropus Paleojavanicus The first is Meganthropus Paleojavanicus, which means the oldest large human from Java. This is taken from the words Mega which means big, Anthropus which means human, Paleo which means old, and Javanicus which means Java. Being called Javanicus doesn't mean they ever speak Javanese, guys, hehehe. But because it was discovered in Sangiran, Central Java by G. H. R. von Koenigswald in 1936-1941. b) Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis Well, now it's in the Pithecanthropus category, yes. There is something called Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, meaning ape man from Mojokerto. This is taken from the words Pithecos which means ape and Anthropus which means human. Because it was found in Mojokerto, East Java, it was named Mojokertensis. Well, this isn't as tall as Meganthropus, which is said to be above 2 meters. Their height is only around 165 - 180 meters. yes. And this ancient human fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald, in 1936. According to experts, the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis fossil is believed to be the oldest, you know. c) Pithecanthropus Erectus Then, still in the same category, there is Pithecanthropus Erectus, which means an ape man with an upright body. This is taken from the word Erectus which means upright. This one was discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891, guys, in the Bengawan Solo Valley, Central Java. d) Pithecanthropus Soloensis Finally, for the third in the Pithecanthropus category there is something called Pithecanthropus Soloensis. This one was discovered by von Koenigswald and his friends in 1931 in Ngandong Village, Central Java. For those of you who have guessed, it's absolutely true! The word Soloensis means Solo, so if interpreted, Pithecanthropus Soloensis is an upright ape-man from Solo. e) Homo Wajakensis This time, we entered the third category, guys, the Homo category, which means human. So, it's not called ape man again, right? The first is Homo Wajakensis, which means man from Wajak. This is because the fossil was discovered in Wajak Village, East Java by van Rietschoten in 1889. Fun fact, this Homo Wajakensis fossil is the first fossil found in Asia, guys! f) Homo Floresiensis Then secondly, there is Homo Floresiensis, which means humans from Flores. This is because the fossil was discovered on Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara by Peter Brown in 2002, guys! So, it's still a bit warm compared to the others. Its discovery has become a topic of discussion among experts, because it is said to be Homo Floriensis, which is the ancestor of Indonesians. But what's unique is that some experts call this fossil a "Hobbit" man, guys. Because its height is only about 1 meter. g) Homo Soloensis The third is called Homo Soloensis, which means man from Solo. Again, this fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald, guys, together with his friends in 1931 in Sangiran, Central Java. Even though the names are the same as Soloensis like the previous Pithecanthropus fossil, don't get them confused, guys! Because the two are found in different areas and have different characteristics, you know. h) Homo Sapiens And the last one is Homo Sapiens, which means intelligent or wise humans. This is taken from the word Sapiens which means wise. Come on, can you guess who the fossil inventor is? It's really true, guys! This Homo Sapiens fossil was discovered by von Koenigswald and his friends in 1931 to 1934. Well, for Homo Sapiens, this is actually the most common category, guys. So Homo Soloensis, Wajakensis, and Floresiensis are counted as Homo Sapiens too, only each has its own characteristics.