Native Culture and Lifestyle

Bering Sea Land Bridge Migrations- Crossed Bering Strait (Land Bridge) 10k yrs b4 Columbus Native Culture and Lifestyle Nomadic or Sedentary Adapted to regional environment Agricultural Influence from Olmec/Mayans “Three Sisters” (Corn, Beans, and Squash) Politics and Economics Tribal Councils or Chiefs Communal ownership; no sense of private property Language 20 diff languages (Algonquian, Siouan,Athabaskan) No written language Family and Gender Roles Kinship Mostly matrilineal Women shared in labor except hunting Animism Hunting and horticultural religions Shaman Spirit Guide Civilizations of the South (Central and South America) Mexico (Aztecs) Tenochtitlan Components of their civilization -Public Buildings, irrigation systems, roads, extensive trade networks. Native Lifestyle and Culture: Eastern Woodlands/Northeast Geography Rolling hills and dense forests Tribes Wampanoag, Algonquins Iroquiois Confederacy -Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Seneca Powhatan (Big tribe) Diet Maize, beans, squash (3 sisters) Culture Hunter-Gatherers Warriors Matrilineal Longhouses (holds 70-100 ppl, grandma figure head) Wampum Native Lifestyle and Culture: Eastern Woodlands/Mississippian/Southeast Geography River systems Mississippi mounds Tribes Adena-Hopewell, Creek, Cahokia Diet Maize, fish, beans, squash (access to water) Culture Earthwork pyramid mounds Potter, copper tools Chiefdoms and trade networks Social hierarchy and priesthood Native Lifestyle and Culture: Great Plains Geography Grasslands and prairies Tribes Sioux, Cheyenne, Apache Diet Buffalo Culture Nomadic Tepees (horses important later) Native Lifestyle and Culture: Great Basin Geography Arid Tribes Paiute, Shoshone, Ute Diet Primarily vegetal, including seeds, nuts, berries Small game (rabbits, rodents) Culture Semi-sedentary (stay until no more resources) Wickiup Native Lifestyle and Culture: Pacific Northwest/California/Great Basin Geography Cedar Forest Tribes Pacific Northwest: Chinook California/Great Basin: Nez Perce Diet Pacific Northwest: Fish (salmon) California/Great Basin: Berries, nuts Culture Pacific Northwest Plank Homes Totem poles Canoes California/Great Basin Nomadic hunter-gatherers Native Lifestyle and Culture: Southwest Geography Arid, Rocky, Desert Tribes Anasazi, Pueblo, Hokokam Diet Maize, Beans, Squash (3 Sisters) Culture Irrigations systems (survived off rivers) Cave and cliff dwellings 8/31- European Exploration & the Settlement of America Reasons for Exploration ● 3 G’s ○ Gold = Gold and Silver ○ Glory = Military Competition ○ God = Spread of Christianity ● Things that made it possible ○ Caravels ○ Sextant ○ Joint-Stock Companies European Colonization Gold ● Mercantilism ○ Favorable balance of trade ○ Mother country and her colonies ○ Tariffs ● Gold and SIlver ○ Finance expeditions and colonization ○ Finance military European Colonization Glory ● Nation-States ● Mercantilism ○ Favorable balance of trade ● Personal recognition ● Personal wealth European Colonization God ● Spread the faith of Christianity ● Missionaries ● Conversion Treaty of Tordesillas ● Pope made line to divide exploration ○ Spain explores west ○ Portugal explores east Columbian Exchange ● Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia ○ Squash, Pumpkins Turkeys Peanuts. Potatoes, Tomatoes, Corn, Peppers, Tobacco, Pineapples, Cacao, Beans, Vanilla ● Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas ○ Onions, Olives, Turnips, Coffee Beans, Fruits, Grains, Livestock, Disease Native and European Initial Impressions ● Christopher ○ Viewed them as weak and to be ordered and taught ● Chieftain ○ Viewed as a king and dominant force The Spanish in America ● Royal Colonies ○ Council of Indies ○ Viceroys ● Relations with Natives ○ Catholic Conversion and Missions ○ Pueblo Revolt (1860) ● Labor ○ Encomienda System (Slave Working System) ○ Asiento System ● Spanish Caste System Encomienda System ● Spanish settlers granted Indian lands and labor. (Land still owned by Spain). ● Marshalled Lifestyle for Natives ● Plantation-based agriculture on haciendas ● Extract precious metals ● Oppositions of views ○ Juan de Sepulveda (anti-Indian/savages) ○ Bartolome de las Casas (pro-native) ● Emergence of mestizos ● Resistance by the Natives to European encroachment ○ Maroon Communities African Slave Trade ● Rising European demand for Sugarcane (sugarcane was labor intensive) ● Western coast of Africa ● Western African kingdoms ● Atlantic Slave Trade ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Slavery-Treatment of people like property; no rights Late 15th to 19th century Looked to Africa to meet sugarcane demand Were offered weapons Traded criminals, POW Slave trade became an arms race in Africa 20% died in ships Cut off ears as proof as purchase Commited suicide due to fear of cannibalism Most slaves were men, affected African population Slaved based African kingdoms collapsed after slavery was outlawed Contributed to racist ideology Made it hard to slaves and descendants to achieve equal status Last Look ● Native cultures prior to contact ● North American more primitive than South American ● Maize = Major part of life ● Reasons for European exploration ● Goals of Europeans ● Columbian Exchange - impacts of 3 continents (Triangular trade) ● European justification of treatment of Natives and Africans ● Encomienda System ● Use of Native forced labor will transition to African forced labor 9/7- Colonial American Development 1607-1754 The French in America ● Royal Colonies ● Jesuits and Catholic Conversion ● Fur trade ○ Coureurs de Bois (runner of the woods) ● Native Relations ○ Trade Networks ○ Alliances ○ Intermarriage The Dutch in America ● Charters and joint-stock companies ○ Dutch East India Company ○ Dutch West India Company ● Henry Hudson (1609) and Hudson River Valley settlement ● New Netherland ○ New Amsterdam ● Fur trade ○ Beaver pelts ● Native relations ○ Trade networks ■ Algonquian Alliances ■ Iroquois The English in America ● Charters and Joint-Stock Companies ● Population Growth ○ Indentured Servants ● Native Relations ○ Early Native Assistance ○ Animosity and Exclusion ■ Anglo-Powhatan Wars ■ Pequot Wars (1636-1638) ■ King Philip’s War (1675-1678) England ● Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588) ● Population increases ● Joint-stock companies develop ● Religious conflicts divide the nation ● Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions Types of English Colonies ● Corporate Colony ○ Granted a charter to stockholders (joint stock company) ○ Ex. Virginia ● Proprietary Colony ○ Granted a charter to individual or group ○ Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania ● Royal Colony ○ Under direct control of the monarch ○ Ex. New Hampshire ○ Eventually 8 of the 13 colonies become royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts The First English Attempts at Colonies ● Sir Walter Raliegh (1585) ● Roanoke (1587) Jamestown ● Virginia Company of London ● Established in 1607 on mouth of Chesapeake Bay ● John Smith ○ “He that will not work shall not eat” ● “Starving Time” (1609-1610) ● Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh) ● John Rolfe ○ Tobacco seeds to plantations Pocahontas ○ ● Captain John Smith rallied the settlers at Jamestown ○ “He who shall not work, shall not eat ■ Trading, Farming, Manufacturing NOT GOLD ○ Served as leader from 1608-1609 ○ Led colonists to explore the region ● Captured by Powhatan and threatened with execution ● Smith saved by Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas ● Smith returned to England in 1609 9/10 Colonial American Development Part II Pilgrims ● Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ● Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ● Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth (1620) Squanto ● Captured and put to work by Spanish ● Spoke English ● Was able to help the pilgrims harvest ● 3 day feast after harvest (Thanksgiving) New England ● Massachusetts ○ Plymouth (1620) ○ Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) ● Rhode Island ○ Providence (1636) ○ Portsmouth (1638) ● Connecticut ○ Hartford (1637) ○ New Haven (1638) ● New Hampshire (1679) Massachusetts ● Puritans ○ Calvnist-based reformers; predestination ○ Covenant of Grace and congregations ○ Church membership limited to the Elect ● “Great Migration” ○ Families ● John Winthrop ○ A model of Christian Charity (1630) ● Expulsion ○ Roger Williams and Providence ○ Anne Hutchinson and Portsmouth Pilgrims ● A group of approximately 100 English people, primarily working class ● Travelled to America in 1620 on the Mayflower ● Settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts Puritans ● Much larger group of English immigrants, primarily middle-upper class ● Traveled to America 10 years after the Pilgrims ● Established Massachusetts Bay Colony Middle Colonies ● Development ○ New York ■ New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 ○ New Jersey (1702) ○ Pennsylvania settled by Quakers ○ Delaware (1702) ● Economics ○ Develop wheat and corn farms ■ “Break basked” of the colonies ○ Eventually into manufacturing and trade Pennsylvania ● William Penn (1681) ● Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ● Holy Experiment ○ Religious refuge ○ Liberal political ideals ○ Economic success ○ Good relations with Natives ○ Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties Southern Colonies ● Maryland (1634) ○ Lord Baltimore ○ Act of Toleration (1649) ● Virginia (1607) ● Carolines (1663) ○ North Carolina (1729) ■ Tobacco ○ South Carolina (1729) ■ Rice and indigo ● Georgia (1732) ○ James Oglethorpe Virginia ● Jamestown (1607) ● Anglican dominated ● Tobacco Plantations ● Tidewater Gentry ● Headright System ○ 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant ● House of Burgesses in 1619 ○ First legislative assembly in the colonies ○ Had to be white, male, go to church, and own land ● Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Starving Time to Cash Crops ● Winter of 16091610 “starving time” - over 80% of 500 settlers died ○ All but 60 of 214 colonists died (they had never planned to grow their own food) ● 1613 - tobacco imported to Jamestown ● John Rolfe credited with cultivating a pleasant s,plomg strain (1st profitable export) ● Tobacco would become the feature cash crop of Virginia “Golden Weed” ○ 1620- 40k lbs ○ 1626- 500k lbs ○ 1629- 1.5 mil lbs House of Burgesses, 1619 ● 1st representative assembly in British North American colonies ○ At first all free adult men could participate ○ Then only large planters can vote ○ Set precedent for other representative assemblies in British North America\ ● William Berkely: Served twice as governor of Virginia ● Established friendly relations with Virginia Indians to promote trade Colony to Home ● Headright System ○ 50 acres per indentured servant ● Women ○ a shipload of unmarried women brought and encouraged to marry colonists and begin families (1619) ● Governance ○ Colonies were to elect 2 “burgesses” pr re[resetatives to assemble at Jamestown annually to help make laws for the colony ● Indentured Servitude ○ 4-7 contract in exchange for passage ■ Slavery ● African Slavery didn’t take root untill 1600 ○ Before that primarily Indentured Servitude was used ○ Slavery considered backward ○ By 1300 slavery didn’t exist in N and W Europe Rebellion ● Powhatan Wars: Algonquian Indians ○ Series of 3 wars 1610-14, 1622-26, 1644-46 ○ Relative peace existed between settlers and Powhatan Indians until Powhatan died in 1622 ○ 3rd and final war essentially ended and real Powhatan Indian thread in Virginia ● Bacon’s Rebellion: Virginia, 1676 ○ Tensions arose between settlers and Indians living on the frontier of western ○ Virginia Bacon organized his own militia of hundreds of runaway servants and some slaves Summer of 1676- Bacon marches on Jamestown and burns the city ○ Maryland ● The colony was the vision of Sir George Calvery/ Lord Baltimore ○ Sought a refuge for Catholics in America ○ 1632 - granted a charter for Maryland ○ He died before colony established, but his son Cecilius took over ● Similar Economy to Virginia ● Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 ○ Religious Toleration for all