Effects of Betel Nut Decoction on Blood Sugar Reduction

Article Study Case Scientific Study on the Effects of Betel Nut Decoction on Blood Sugar Reduction in Diabetes Patients Amelia Rose Smith University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States ameliaroses2019@gmail.com Abstract The aim of this research is to determine the effect of betel nut decoction on lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus patients. A direct catalytic activity test was conducted on diabetes patients. The first step involved making a decoction from betel nuts. For three days, its direct function was tested by varying the amount of betel nut consumed, with one glass being drunk each day. The experimental results showed that betel nut decoction can lower blood sugar levels. The optimal condition for the betel nut decoction was 162 mg/dL, and the catalytic activity of the betel nut decoction may be responsible for this decrease in blood sugar levels. Keywords: Betel nut decoction, Blood sugar reduction, Diabetes mellitus, Catalytic activity, Herbal remedy, Blood glucose levels, Natural treatment, Antidiabetic effect, Traditional medicine, Patient study Introduction Life involves many chemical reactions that are crucial because they transform things, such as our bodies (Nurakhbari, 2018; Hakimi, 2019). The body constantly undergoes reactions. At every moment, cells are revitalized through reactions. Various reactions are influenced by catalysis. Without participating directly in the reactions, catalysts accelerate the formation of products in these reactions (Ritonga, 2018; Yanti,2018). Herbal catalysts are usually found in plants and are beneficial to our bodies. The variety of plants in Indonesia is very diverse. Betel nut is one of the many plants used by the community as an herbal remedy. The betel nut plant (Areca catechu) is typically grown as a garden border due to its straight and tall trunk and its oval-shaped fruit (Hidayani, 2018 ; Ruswandi, 2018; Sanjaya, 2018; Dinata & Soehardi, 2018; Warlinda & Zainul, 2019; Putri, 2018). The culture of chewing betel has become a hereditary habit since ancestors used betel nut as an ingredient. In Indonesia, betel nut fruit is still very rarely used. Many people are still unaware of the additional benefits offered by betel nut fruit. Betel nut can be used as medicine. It can treat various diseases, including diabetes (Sumarmin, 2018; Rahmi, 2017). AMELIA ROSE SMITH 1 Amelia Rose Smith Blood sugar levels that exceed the normal limit due to a lack of insulin are a sign of diabetes mellitus, also known as diabetes (Samah, 2017). Genes, dietary nutrition, lifestyle, and obesity are some factors that cause diabetes. High blood sugar levels can lead to complications (Bintanah, Sufiati, Astuti & Rahayu, 2012). The mortality rate due to diabetes mellitus complications increases every year. Because many people suffer from diabetes, extensive research has been conducted on several plants to treat diabetes (Sofyanita & Octaria, 2018). One of the plants used to treat diabetes is betel nut decoction. According to research on a woman suffering from diabetes mellitus, one glass of betel nut decoction (220 ml) can reduce blood sugar levels by an average of 93 mg/dL for each person who drinks it (Zainul, 2018). Based on these findings, the author conducted experiments to determine whether betel nut decoction can truly lower blood sugar levels in diabetes patients (Parbuntari, 2018; Palilingan, 2014; Sarjono, 2010; Nurfadilah, 2019). Methods A. Equipment and Ingredients The equipment and ingredients used for boiling betel nut are: a knife (Santoku), a pot (Maspion Group), a gas stove (Rinnai), a glass (Royalex), a blood glucose measuring tool (Easy Touch GCU), and a camera (POCO M3 PLUS). Betel nuts (taken from a plantation in the Pengabuan District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province) and 600 milliliters of water (Le Mineral) are used. 1) Sample preparation The new samples were areca nuts taken from a plantation location in Pengabuan District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province. Figure 1. Location of areca nut collection AMELIA ROSE SMITH 2 Article Study Case Figure 2. Areca nut plants Figure 3. Areca nut 2) Preparation Five betel nuts are used to make betel nut decoction on the first day, three nuts on the second day, and three nuts on the third day. The mature green betel nuts are washed with clean water. Then, they are halved with a knife. Next, they are boiled with 600 milliliters of mineral water until boiling, leaving one glass remaining. Then, the decoction is poured into a glass. Figure 4. Split betel nut AMELIA ROSE SMITH 3 Amelia Rose Smith Figure 5. Mineral water (600ml) Figure 6. Areca nut boiled until brownish red 3) Testing Testing of the decoction was carried out on a 47-year-old woman with diabetes who had a blood sugar level of 440 mg/dL for three days with variations of five betel nuts and three betel nuts. The experimental results show that on the third day, the diabetic patient had a blood sugar level approaching normal, which is 162 mg/dL. To ensure that your blood sugar level drops, you should check your blood sugar before drinking the betel nut decoction. This is done using the Easy Touch blood glucose monitoring device (GCU). AMELIA ROSE SMITH 4 Article Study Case Figure 7. Checking process Figure 8. Numbers show blood sugar levels AMELIA ROSE SMITH 5 Amelia Rose Smith This method can be made using a flow diagram as follows: Figure 9. Diagram used in the method Results and Discussions A. Production Result One glass (220 ml) of boiled betel nut water is used to boil five betel nuts and 600 ml of mineral water. The following image illustrates this: Figure 10. Boiled water ready to drink AMELIA ROSE SMITH 6 Article Study Case B. Trial Results The trial conducted on patients with diabetes mellitus with a blood sugar level of 440 mg/dL shows that after three days, their blood sugar levels can be reduced. The following table provides an explanation: Table 1. Experiment Results Table Days to Number of areca nuts Sugar level (mg/dL) 1 5 345 2 3 253 3 3 162 C. Discussion 1) Production There were difficulties in finding betel nuts to make the decoction used to lower blood sugar levels because people typically plant betel nuts as garden borders. As a result, betel nuts were only available in local plantations in Pengabuan District, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi Province (Saputra, 2018; Gotera, 2009; Rahmi, 2017). The tall trunks of the betel nut trees make harvesting the fruits difficult. The betel nuts to be used should be dark green or starting to yellow, indicating they are ready for consumption (Samah, 2017; Bintanah, 2012; Effendi, 2018; Octaria, 2018). The process of making the betel nut decoction is quite simple and beneficial. The process is similar to making herbal decoctions in general. To avoid contamination during processing, the betel nuts must be clean (Zainul, 2018). On the first day, five betel nuts are used because the decoction needs to be more concentrated due to the high blood sugar level. On the second and third days, three betel nuts are used as the blood sugar level has already decreased. The blood sugar level needs to drop significantly if the same amount as the first day is used. The betel nuts are then cut vertically into two parts. Using 600 milliliters of water, the halved betel nuts are boiled until the decoction boils and turns reddish-brown. When the decoction is reduced to approximately one glass (220 ml), the heating is stopped. Diabetics should monitor AMELIA ROSE SMITH 7 Amelia Rose Smith their blood sugar levels while the betel nut decoction cools to determine the extent of changes in their blood sugar levels before and after consumption (Parbuntari, 2018). 2) Trial The experiment was conducted on a 47-year-old woman with diabetes. She had a blood sugar level of 440 mg/dL. On the first day, drinking one glass of betel nut decoction made with five betel nuts was found to lower her blood sugar level by 95 mg/dL. On the second day, using the same volume of water with three betel nuts, her blood sugar level was reduced by 93 mg/dL. On the third day, the same trial with the same number of betel nuts. Graph of decreasing blood sugar levels 400 Sugar level (mg/dL) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 Days to Figure 11. Graph of Decrease in Blood Sugar Levels 3) Interaction: The experimental results show that people with diabetes have lower blood sugar levels after drinking betel nut decoction. This is caused by the presence of alkaloids in the betel nut. Alkaloids can inhibit the action of the enzyme alpha-glucosidase. Alphaglucosidase is an enzyme that can convert polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Glucose, a group of monosaccharides, has alkaloids that can inhibit alpha-glucosidase in the intestines. As a result, the breakdown reaction of polysaccharides into monosaccharides is hindered. Therefore, glucose is released into the blood more AMELIA ROSE SMITH 8 Article Study Case slowly, preventing high blood sugar levels (Purbowatiningrum, 2010; Nurfadilah, 2019; Dwynda, 2018; Sulastry, 2009). Additionally, tannins, compounds found in betel nuts, have the ability to prevent the intestines from absorbing glucose. The astringent function of tannins allows them to bind to the mucous membrane proteins on the surface of the intestines and create a protective layer. This prevents the absorption of glucose into the blood. 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Kandungan senyawa steroid-alkaloid pada ekstrak n-heksana daun beringin (Ficus benjamina L.). Journal of Chemistry, 5(2). Sari, S. R., Baehaki, A., & Lestari, S. D. (2013). Aktivitas antioksidan kompleks kitosan monosakarida (Chitosan Monossacharides Complex). Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan, 2(1). Andansari, S. E., Sari, D. R., & Roesyadi, A. (2014). Konversi rumput laut menjadi monosakarida secara hidrotermal. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 3(2). AMELIA ROSE SMITH 15 Amelia Rose Smith Paramawati, R., Wijaya, C. H., Achmadi, S. S., & Suliantari, S. (2007). Evaluasi ciri mekanis dan fisis bioplastik dari campuran poli (asam laktat) dengan polisakarida. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 12(2). Harijono, Estiasih, T., Sunarharum, W. B., & Suwita, I. K. (2012). Efek hipoglikemik polisakarida larut air gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) yang diekstrak dengan berbagai metode [Hypoglycaemic effect of water soluble polysaccharides extracted from gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) by various methods]. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 23(1). Santi, A., Sunarti, T. D., & Santoso, A. T. (2012). Komposisi kimia dan profil polisakarida rumput laut hijau. Jurnal Akuatika, 3(2). Istianah, M., Putra, S. M., & Retnowati, D. S. (2012). Isolasi mannan dari daun lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dengan proses ekstraksi sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan edible coating berbasis polisakarida. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Dan Industri, 1(1). Setyaningsih, I., Salamah, E., & Rahman, D. A. (2013). Komposisi kimia dan aktivitas antihiperglikemik biomassa dan polisakarida ekstraseluler dari mikroalga Porphyridium cruentum. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16(1). Suryelita, S., Etika, S. B., & Kurnia, N. S. (2017). Isolasi dan karakterisasi senyawa steroid dari daun cemara natal (Cupressus funebris Endl.). Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss01/23 Sarjani, F., Sri Sumantyo, J. T., & Yohandri, Y. (2017). Pengolahan citra satelit ALOS PALSAR menggunakan metode polarimetri untuk klasifikasi lahan wilayah kota Padang. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18iss01/21 Handayani, D. (2017). Karakteristik cendawan dark septate endophyte (DSE) pada akar tanaman jagung dan padi. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss01/20 Horiza, H., Azhar, M., & Efendi, J. (2017). Ekstraksi dan karakterisasi inulin dari umbi dahlia (Dahlia sp. L) segar dan disimpan. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss01/14 Saiya, A. (2017). Analisis residu klorpirifos dalam sayuran kubis dengan metode HPLC di beberapa pasar tradisional di Sulawesi Utara. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/57 Sari, A. (2017). Potensi antioksidan alami pada ekstrak daun jamblang (Syzigium cumini (L.) Skeels). Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/61 AMELIA ROSE SMITH 16 Article Study Case Syafei, N. (2017). Analisa fenomena korosi pelat pipa baja karbon API 5L-X65 dalam larutan 250 ml asam asetat dan 4750 ml aquades pada kondisi gas CO2 dan H2S jenuh pada suhu ruang. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/63 Tutuarima, T. (2017). Sifat fisik dan kimia marmalade jeruk kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa): Kajian konsentrasi pektin dan sukrosa [Physical and chemical properties of marmalade citrus of calamondin (Citrus microcarpa): Study of pectin and sucrose concentrations]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/73 Setianto, S. (2017). Analisa kuantitatif campuran senyawa oksida sebagai dasar identifikasi kandungan bahan sumber daya alam: Studi kasus - Kandungan mineral pada pasir besi di pesisir pantai selatan, Jawa Barat [Quantitative analysis of oxide compound mixtures as the basis for identifying natural resource content: Case study - Mineral content in iron sand on the south coast of West Java]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 173177. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/74 Amananti, W. (2017). Analisis mikrostruktur lapisan tipis TiO2yang dideposisikan di atas substrat kaca dengan metode spray coating untuk degradasi limbah zat warna [Analysis of the microstructure of TiO2 thin films deposited on glass substrates by the spray coating method for dye waste degradation]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 210-215. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/81 Nasir, M. (2017). Pengaruh waktu high energy milling terhadap karakteristik nanokaolin Capkala asal Kalimantan Barat [The effect of high energy milling time on the characteristics of nanokaolin Capkala from West Kalimantan]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 200-209. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/78 Ningsih, S. K. (2017). Sintesis dan karakterisasi nanopartikel ZnO doped Cu2+ melalui metoda sol-gel [Synthesis and characterization of Cu2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles via the sol-gel method]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(2), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss02/51 Horiza, H. (2018). The influence of the use of activated carbon fibres of the cane against the drop in salinity in the well dig in RT 003 RW 006 Village Cape Town Unggat Tanjungpinang year 2017. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss1/97 Santoso, B. (2018). Identifikasi akuifer menggunakan metode geolistrik resistivitas di daerah Bebandem, Karang Asem, Bali [Identification of aquifers using the resistivity geoelectric method in the Bebandem area, Karang Asem, Bali]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss1/101 AMELIA ROSE SMITH 17 Amelia Rose Smith Syafei, N., Hidayat, D., Emilliano, E., & Men, L. (2018). Analysis cracking corrosion on carbon steel pipes API 5L-X65 in solution 7700 ml aquades, 250 ml acetic acid, and 50 ml ammonia with gas CO2 and H2S in saturation condition. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss2/138 Harahap, F., & Lubis, L. (2018). Analysis of heavy metals distribution in the river town of Hamasaki’s Rod Padangsidimpuan. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(2), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss2/149 Vauzia, V., & Gusmira, E. (2018). The response of jabon seeds germination (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.)Miq.) against the duration of combustion and illumination. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 19(2), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19iss2/154 Amir, H., Akmam, A., Bavitra, B., & Azhari, M. (2017). Penentuan kedalaman batuan dasar menggunakan metode geolistrik tahanan jenis dengan membandingkan konfigurasi dipoledipole dan Wenner di Bukit Apit Puhun Kecamatan Guguk Panjang Kota Bukittinggi [Determination of bedrock depth using the resistivity geoelectric method by comparing dipole-dipole and Wenner configurations in Bukit Apit Puhun, Guguk Panjang District, Bukittinggi City]. Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol18-iss01/13 AMELIA ROSE SMITH 18