Modern IT and Business Challenges

     2018 more than a 150M businesses has a dot.com 290M shopped online, 190M purchased online internet advertising grows around 15% per year new laws require businesses to store for longer periods changes in businesses results changes in jobs and careers. Key Challenges in MIS New technology o Artificial intelligence o Cloud computing, big data, internet of things o Mobile digital platform Management o Return on investment o Online collaboration o Social networking Originations o Security and privacy o Social business o Telework gains Internet and global communications have greatly reduced economic and culture advantages of develop countries. Business driver of information o o o o o o Operational excellence ex- Walmart New products, services, and business models ex- Apple Customer and supply intimacy Improve decision making Competitive advantage Survival Information technology: the hardware and software a business uses to achieve objectives Data: streams of raw facts Information: data shaped into meaningful, useful form Information system: interrelated components that manage information to,  Support decision making and control  Help with analysis, visualization, and product creation Activities in an information system that produce information:  Input  Processing  Output  Feedback Sharp distinction between computer or computer program versus information system Information systems literacy  Includes behavioral and technical approach Computer literacy  Focuses mostly on knowledge of IT Management information systems  Focuses on broader information systems literacy  Issues surrounding development, use, impact of information systems used by managers and employees  Focuses on firm performance, productivity, and competitive challenges Dimensions of Information Systems Organizations  Coordinate work through structure hierarchy and business processes  Business processes related tasks and behaviors for accomplishing work  Ex- fulfilling an order, hiring an employee  May be informal or include formal rules Culture embedded in information systems  Ex- UPS's concern with placing service to customers first People   Information systems require skilled people to build maintain and use them Employee altitudes affects their ability to be productive Roles of managers  Perceive business challenges  Set organization strategy  Allocate human and financial resources  Creative work new products and services Technology IT Infrastructure: Foundation or platform that information systems are built on     Computer hardware Computer software Data management technology Networking and telecommunications technology Problem Solving:  Problem identification  Solution design  Choice  Implementation Problem Identification includes:  Agreement that problem exists  Definition of problem  Causes of problem  What can be done given resources of firm Typical organizational problems:  Outdated business processes  Unsupportive culture and attitudes  Political in-fighting  Turbulent business environment, change  Complexity of task  Inadequate resources Typical technology problems:  Insufficient or aging hardware  Outdated software  Inadequate database capacity  Insufficient telecommunications capacity  Incompatibility of old systems with new technology  Rapid technological change Typical people problems  Lack of employee training  Difficulties of evaluating performance  Legal and regulatory compliance  Work environment, ergonomics  Poor or indecisive management  Lack of employee support and participation Solution Design  Often many possible solution  Consider as many as possible to understand range of solutions Solution evaluations and choice include:  Cost  Resorces  Time Implementation:  Building or purchasing solution  Testing solution, employee training  Change management  Measurement of outcomes  Feedback, evaluation of solution Critical thinking:  Sustained suspension of judgment with an awareness of multiple perspectives and alternativ  Ability to collect and analyze data that might help understand the nature of the problem; a “d driven” approach Four elements of critical thinking:  Maintaining doubt and suspending judgment  Being aware of different perspectives including technology, organization, and people perspe  Testing alternatives and letting experience guide  Being aware of organizational and personal limitations The service sector will account for 95 percent of the new jobs that are created or open up by 2022. Identifying customers Assembling the product service checking for quality bills of material Four basic business functions  Manufacturing and production  sales and marketing financing and accounting paying creditors creating financial statement, and managing cash accounts  human resources Hiring employees, job performances, rolling in benefit plans  5 Basic Entities Suppliers Customers Employees Invoices/payments Products and services Business Process Logically related set of tasks that define how specific business tasks are performed Task completed, Preps, and time period  Sales process tied to functional area Sales and marketing identifying customers  How IT helps businesses Automation of manual processes Change the flow of information Replace sequential processes with simultaneous activity Transform how a business works Drive new business models Business hierarchies Top Senior Management/CEO/CFO/COO Middle carrying out programs and plans of senior management Operational management- monitoring daily activities from employee Knowledge worker- subject matter experts ex- engineer/ accountants Bottom Data Workers- work on database and manage Service workers- build product and deliver product Firms invest in information systems in order to: –Achieve operational excellence –Develop new products and services –Attain customer intimacy and service –Improve decision making–Promote competitive advantage –Ensure survival Management Groups  Transaction process systems (TPS)  Keep track of basic activity and transaction of organization   18 MIS 20 Decision support system 23 Executive support system 25 Top tier level 13 Individual hagiarchy level 12 4 major function of business 8 5 basic entities 7 Infrastructure Components      Computer Hardware Computer software Data management technology Networking and Telecommunications Technology Technology services      Hardware Software Services Networking Data management Types of computers Personal devices Just your personal  Workstation Multiple users Desktop configurations  Server Large Storage Operate files  Mainframe Large Capacity High performance Fast Processes  Supercomputer Handle Large Equation Fast   Grid Computing Used by TV network Connect geography computer into one single computer Used by the military Client/Server Computing Used for distribute computing/process between your client and server interacting Server that holds your website/Held in a folder Application server Controls and manages all your apps Backend type Used by a web developer not accessed by everyone Storage Input and Output Storage Tech Magnetic Disc -SSD -Optical Disk -Magnetic Tape -Storage Networking SANS Input Devices -Keyboard Output device -Montier Contemporary Hardware Trends The mobile digital platform –Smartphones–Tablet computers –eText readers •Consumerization of I T and B Y O D Nanotechnology and quantum computing Virtualization–Software-defined storage (SDS) Cloud computing: –Computing resources obtained over the Internet Infrastructure as a service (I a a S) Software as a service (S a a S) Platform as a service (P a a S) –Public vs. private clouds -Utility computing, on-demand computing –Hybrid cloud –Data storage security is in hands of provider Green computing –Green I T–Practices and technologies for minimizing impact on environment -High-performance and power -saving processors –Multicore processors –Reduced power consumption Operating System Software Software that controls computer activities GUI s Multitouch PC operating systems –Windows -Mac –UNIX –Linux (open source) -Mobile operating systems –Chrome, Android, iOS Web Services X M L (eXtensible Markup Language) –Foundation of web services -Service oriented architecture (S O A ) –Collection of services used to build an organization’s software systems Open source software–Linux, Apache Cloud-based software and tools–S a a S (software as a service) Google Docs –Mashups Zip Realty uses Google Maps and Zillow.com –Apps Mobile apps Using Technology Service Providers Outsourcing –Using external provider to run computer center and networks –Web hosting service –Offshore software outsourcing–Service level agreements (SLAs) Using cloud services –Appealing to businesses with smaller I T budgets –Pricing is per hour, per-use–Switching costs Managing Mobile Platforms Mobile devices provide productivity gains Expenses of equipping employees with devices Network configuration Software Device security Stolen or compromised devices Mobile device management (MDM) software Database: collection of related files containing records on people, places, or things Entity: generalized category representing person, place, or thing. Attributes -Specific characteristic of each entity.  Supplier  Part Primary Key: unique to you or that record ID Relations entity One – one One – many Many – many Data Management System Software for creating, storing, organizing, and accessing data from a database Separates the logical and physical -Logical view: how end users view data –Physical view: how data are actually structured and organized  Examples: Microsoft Access, D B 2, Oracle Database, Microsoft S Q L Server, MySQL   Select: –Creates a subset of all records meeting stated criteria  Join: –Combines relational tables to present the server with more information than is available from individu tables   Project: –Creates a subset consisting of columns in a table–Permits user to create new tables containing only d information Networking and Communication Trends  Convergence–Telephone networks and computer networks converging into single digital net using Internet standards  Broadband–The majority of U.S. households now have broadband access  Broadband wireless–Voice and data communications now exclusively use broadband cable wireless platforms What Is a Computer Network? Two or more connected computers is a network Major components in simple network -Client and server computers –Network interfaces -Connection medium –Network operating system –Hubs, switches, routers Software-defined networking –Functions of switches and routers managed by central program Network in large corporation  UNCC (example)  Local area only covers .5 miles Client server computing -main frame computer -controlled by a network computer -center rules for communication on the network TCP/IP uses rules of govern transmissions Handles movement of data between computer Internet protocol for providing the packets Address ip and providing data gram Digital signal- clear, compiled for 0 and 1. Analog signal- continues wave form that is used pass information through communication media and u mainly for audio. Denial-of-service attacks (DoS) •Distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) •Botnets •Spam •Computer crime –Computer may be target of crime –Computer may be instrument of crime Identity theft –Phishing–Evil twins –Pharming  Click fraud  Cyberterrorism  Cyberwarfare Nonprofit organization easy to hack and big liability\ 3 acts HIPAA Medical security Gramm- Leach Customer data security Sarbanes act Safeguard financial information May be automated or manual General controls– Govern design, security, and use of computer programs -Software controls: hardware controls, computer operations controls, data security controls, system development controls, administrative controls, Application controls -Controls unique to each computerized application –Input controls, processing controls, output controls Determines level of risk to firm –Types of threat –Probability of occurrence during year –Potential losses, value of threat –Expected annual loss Push-based model (build-to-stock) – Earlier S C M systems – Schedules based on best guesses of demand • Pull-based model (demand-driven) – Web-based – Customer orders trigger events in supply chain • Internet enables move from sequential supply chains to concurrent supply chains – Complex networks of suppliers can adjust immediately Next Gen Enterprise App Enterprise solutions/suites – Make applications more flexible, web-enabled, integrated with other systems • S O A standards • Open-source applications • On-demand solutions • Cloud-based versions • Functionality for mobile platform Social C R M – Incorporating social networking technologies – Company social networks – Monitor social media activity; social media analytics – Manage social and web-based campaigns Business intelligence – Inclusion of B I with enterprise applications – Flexible reporting, ad hoc analysis, “what-if” scenarios, digital dashboards, data visualization