Colonial Development

“Colonial Development” 1. English Monarchs throughout the colonial period: King Henry VIII: House of Tudors Henry VIII Edward VI Mary l Elizabeth James I Charles I Charles II 1509-1547 1547-1553 1553-1558 1558-1603 1603-1625 1625-1649 1649- son half sister half sister cousin son son Years of Reign as King/Queen of England… Relationship to King Henry VIII… The 6 Wives of King Henry VIII 1. Katherine of Aragon 2. Ann Boleyn 3. Jane Seymour 4. Anne of Cleves 5. Catherine Howard 6. Katherine Parr 2. Reasons for development of English colonies: B A a. Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther in the early 1500’s... b. English Reformation led by King Henry VIII in 1534 because of marriage status... Luther formed the Protestant Faith in protest to the Catholic Church; King Henry VIII formed the Church of England (Anglican Faith) to obtain an “annulment.” c. Puritan Movement developed by John Calvin that consisted of who people believed they were “saved”... d. Social change in England gave rise to poverty, inflation, and overpopulation... PROTESTANT… …REFORMATION To Go Against… …Catholic Church… …to Change for the better! PURITANS: A group within the Church of England that wanted to “purify” or make it better; in the Early 1600’s they will “persecuted” by King Charles I. C Calvinism (or French Protestantism spread to England in 1530’s… as PURITANISM! After the Death of King Henry VIII… The House of Tudors: 1. King Edward Elizabethean Era 1547-1553 3. Queen Elizabeth 1558-1603 Died of Tuberculosis? Died of Blood Poisoning “Virgin Queen” 2. Queen Mary I 1553-1558 Died of Ovarian Cancer? “Bloody Mary” “Mary, Mary Quite Contrary” Protestant Heretics Burned at the Stake… Mary Mary quite contrary, How does your garden grow? With silver bells and cockle shells And pretty maids all in a row. 3. First attempt of English settlement in North America was in 1585. Area became known as Roanoke. It was a small island off the coast of (today’s) North Carolina. Several attempts were made to colonize the area sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh. All 3 attempts failed, it remains a mystery what happened. Sir Walter Raleigh CROATOAN Croatan Indians? CROATOAN 4. First English colony in North America was chartered by King James I in 1606. The charter allowed for the London Company to use land in the New World. The colony was named Jamestown (later this will be known as the colony of Virginia) in honor of the king. In 1608 Captain John Smith saves the last 38 survivors of 144 by enforcing military lifestyle. The colony began to prosper because of tobacco (in the year 1620 40,000 pounds were exported). In 1619, the first lawmaking body (in the future United States) is developed called the “House of Burgesses.” House of Burgesses: Patrick Henry speaks to the governing body Capt. John Smith Tobacco Pocahontas saves John Smith from her father, Powhatan… 4. A. Slavery or the concept of forced labor has always existed in world history. Europeans, such as the Spanish or Portuguese, have imposed slavery for centuries. Slavery became profitable to the English when colonization occurred in North America. 1. Factors that led to enslavement of Africans & Native Americans by the English were: a. African Muslim cultures were “heathen” according to English belief giving them a sense of superiority in civilization and values. b. Belief that skin color dictated superiority. c. Christian doctrines or religion was believed to allow for the practice of slavery as a way to convert people to the faith. 2. The establishment of slavery spread in North America: a. Need for workers because of agriculture. b. Native Americans and Africans were easily kept in perpetual servitude because they were far from home, unable to speak English, without family, & kept in terror. c. Indentured servants were predominately criminals from England & did not work hard. 5. The second colony was Plymouth, setup in 1620 by the Puritan Separatists (also called Pilgrims). Plymouth is named after the English seaport of departure. The first form of selfwritten self-government was also established by these settlers called the “Mayflower Compact”. John Carver was elected the first governor, after his death William Bradford became governor & celebrated the first “Thanksgiving.” William Bradford Squanto (Tisquantum) RESA: Colony Plymouth Massasoit… Chief of the Wampanoag Puritan Separatists …were the Pilgrims; this group wanted to get out of the Church of England… they considered it so ruthless that they were going to start anew. Puritans …were the group that sought to FIX or make better the Church of England; they wanted to “purify” or save it! 6. Massachusetts Bay colony was founded in 1628 by a group of Puritans (they wanted to “purify” the Church of England NOT separate from it). They first settled in the area of today’s Salem, MA. Colony grew rapidly, incorporating the Plymouth colony by 1640 making it approx. 20,000 settlers (people). A. Reasons for population growth: 1. natural increase (child birth)... 2. better farming techniques... 3. better shelter or living conditions... 4. more immigration... Salem Plymouth The “Great Migration;” the arrivals of thousands of Puritans between the years 16301640. 6. B. John Winthrope was a lawyer & a puritan leader, he became governor of Mass. Bay Colony in 1636 & established a “general court.” This general court enforced civil and religious law together. Under his leadership Puritans worked to create a model society (or a “city on a hill”). Demands & vigor required took its toll on members, several began to leave. Portrait of John Winthrope (click on portrait) Explain this political cartoon? Educational Emphasis… started Harvard College as a teacher school! The Arabella: the ship that John Winthrope came to America on. A Model of Christian Charity… was a speech in which Winthrope declared that the Puritans were to create in the new world “a city upon a hill;” or a society for all others to follow or look up to for guidance. It was to be a commonwealth society in which everyone would look after each other; the wealth would help the poor, etc. Puritan faithful believed in the idea PREDESTINATION; as taught by John Calvin! This is the concept that God has chosen a path for ALL people… some people are “saved” and/or are leaders of the Church while others are not. 6. B. 1. “The Salem Witchcraft Trials:” Puritan society had begun to change in the 1680’s. Winthrope’s City on a Hill had another test that developed from the changing attitudes, morals, and beliefs of new generations. Massachusetts Bay was still a system of laws enforced by the clergy (ministers of the church). As a result the Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 developed. a)In 1689 Cotton Mather published a book on witches that started hysteria in Puritan society. a) Several young girls in Salem accused people of being witches. b) Trials ensued. Persons accused were guilty unless they could prove other wise. c) End result was that 19 were hanged and 1 crushed to death in rock-piling attempt. d) In 1957 the Massachusetts state legislature officially pardoned all the accused. Cotton Mather; Puritan Minister Looking for signs of a witch? 7. Roger Williams & Ann Hutchinson were forced to leave Massachusetts Bay because of differing opinions. They developed & founded the colony of Rhode Island in June of 1636. Religious toleration was practiced. Roger is “Exiled;” Williams was forced to leave Salem because he proposed "diverse, new, and dangerous opinions.“ He left Salem & formed Providence Plantation which eventually became Rhode Island. Ann the “Heretic?” She held bible study groups; she was considered to be opposite of the Puritanism faith because she taught the concept of FREE GRACE THEOLOGY. This is the idea that ALL receive eternal life the moment the “believe.” Thomas Hooker strongly advocated extended suffrage to include Puritan worshippers, a view which would lead him and his followers to colonize Connecticut. He also promoted the concept of a government that must answer to the people, stating: "they who have the power to appoint officers and magistrates, it is in their power, also, to set the bounds and limitations of the power and place unto which they call them" through "the privilege of election, which belongs to the people according to the blessed will and law of God". The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: Known to be (one of?) the first “constitution” in the new world… adopted January 14, 1638 by the Connecticut Colony Council. Connecticut 8. Thomas Hooker, was a Puritan minister, in 1636 he left Massachusetts Bay. He wanted freedom of religion and its separation from government. He founded the colony of Connecticut. A proprietary colony is owned by ONE person; like Calvert above. King Charles I of England granted this charter to Lord Baltimore. Maryland was founded as a PROPRIETARY colony… it is believed by many that this land was given to his father for compensation for having had his position as Sec. of State taken away when he declared his roman Catholic beliefs. New Hampshire became its own province in 1691 but was started by smaller settlement like Little Harbor, Dover, Portsmouth and Exeter. Individuals leaving Mass. Bay created this colony i.e. John Wheelwright, a friend of Ann Hutchinson’s who started the settlement of Exeter. 9. Third colony to develop from Mass. Bay was New Hampshire. In 1638 the colony begins to form & in 1679 became a separate colony. 10. Life in England was difficult for Catholics after the English Reformation. Sir George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore, a catholic nobleman, founded the colony of Maryland in 1634. It became a place of free worship for all Christians (proprietary colony). Two US Presidents were Quakers: Hoover & Nixon 11. In 1681 William Penn led the Quakers setup the colony of Pennsylvania as a proprietary colony. Quakers practiced in secret in Mass. Bay under the title “Society of Friends” because they were persecuted for the belief that all men were created equal. William Penn Penn speaking to Native Americans… George Fox Quakers are “Pacifists” (against violence). They also believe in finding their own “inner light” then testifying to others their experience/s; bible not used. The “Quaker” Faith first obtained its name in 1650 when Gorge Fox was on trial in England for blasphemy. According to Fox's journal, Justice Bennet of Derby "called us Quakers because we bid them tremble at the word of God…” He replied something to the liking of “I am quaking in my boots…” 12. In 1664 New York became an English colony. Dutch control of this land was taken by Lord York. 13. New Jersey was founded in 1665 & Delaware in 1682; they were added as English colonies due to the need for lumber. 14. In 1663 the territory of Carolina was established as a royal colony to provide England with rice, tobacco, & indigo. In 1670 Charles Town was established and the colony split into North & South. 15. In 1733 the final (of the original 13) colony of Georgia was established by James Oglethorpe as a place to send the debtors, to guard against attacks from Florida & to establish silk farming. The Original 13 Colonies by Geographic Region New England Middle Southern Mass. Bay Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Virginia N. Carolina S. Carolina Maryland Georgia •ALL Colonies religious in origin & emphasis on religion in life •Mayflower Compact •Fundamental orders of Connecticut •Emphasis on Education •Shipping; Fishing (Whaling), Lumber •Very Limited use of Slave Labor (House Servants) •Subsistence Farming •Emphasis on religious freedom (Philadelphia… “City of Brotherly Love”) •Shipping, Lumber, some tobacco (Delaware) •Limited use of Slave Labor (Mostly House Servants & limited use as field hands) •Subsistence Farming •Plantation Farming •Large use of Slave labor (field hands on Plantations) •Cash Crops farmed…Tobacco, rice, indigo. •Subsistence Farming •Emphasis of Profit over Religion