Chapter 5 - Cultural Diversity

‭Culture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations‬ ‭●‬ ‭Provides social structure for daily living‬ ‭●‬ ‭Defines roles and interactions with others and in families and communities‬ ‭Terms‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural diversity: Coexistence‬‭of different ethnic,‬‭sex, racial, and socioeconomic‬ ‭groups in one social unit‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural competence:‬‭Ability to work with people from‬‭different cultures‬‭while‬ ‭recognizing‬‭one’s own biases‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural humility:‬‭Lifelong process of‬‭self-reflection‬‭and self-critique that involves‬ ‭acknowledging one’s own biases and limitations‬ ‭Subculture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group‬ ‭●‬ ‭Have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics not common to the larger‬ ‭Question:‬‭The healthcare system is its own culture,‬‭with nursing being its largest subculture.‬ ‭a.‬ ‭True‬ ‭b.‬ ‭False‬ ‭Cultural Diversity‬ ‭●‬ ‭Varying cultures‬ ‭●‬ ‭Racial and ethnic origin‬ ‭●‬ ‭Religion‬ ‭●‬ ‭Physical size, age, and gender‬ ‭●‬ ‭Sexual orientation‬ ‭●‬ ‭Disability‬ ‭●‬ ‭Socioeconomic and occupational status‬ ‭●‬ ‭Geographical location‬ ‭Cultural Humility‬ ‭●‬ ‭An openness to another’s culture and a willingness to engage and learn about that culture‬ ‭Groups in Society‬ ‭●‬ ‭Dominant group‬‭(usually largest group)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Group has the most authority to control values and sanctions of society‬ ‭●‬ ‭Minority group‬‭(smaller group)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Physical/cultural characteristics identify them as different than the dominant one‬ ‭Cultural Definitions‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural assimilation‬ ‭○‬ ‭Minorities living within a dominant group‬‭lose the‬‭traits‬‭that made them different‬ ‭○‬ ‭Values replaced‬‭by those of dominant culture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural acculturation‬ ‭○‬ ‭Two cultures‬‭change each other‬ ‭○‬ ‭Minority group‬‭retains‬‭some unique culture markers‬ ‭●‬ ‭Culture shock‬ ‭○‬ ‭The feelings a person experiences when placed in a different culture‬ ‭○‬ ‭May result in psychological discomfort or disturbances‬ ‭+‬ ‭US Dominant‬ ‭-‬ ‭Minority Heritage ‭Integration‬ ‭Assimilation‬ ‭Separation‬ ‭Marginalization‬ -‬ ‭Race‬ ‭●‬ ‭Typically based on specific characteristics‬ ‭○‬ ‭Skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair texture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Five major categories (but not limited to):‬ ‭○‬ ‭Native American or Alaska Native‬ ‭○‬ ‭Asian‬ ‭○‬ ‭Black or African American‬ ‭○‬ ‭Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander‬ ‭○‬ ‭White‬ ‭Ethnicity‬ ‭●‬ ‭Sense of identification with a collective cultural group‬ ‭●‬ ‭Largely based on group’s common heritage‬ ‭Bias‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ ias:‬‭Assuming that everyone within a group‬‭acts the‬‭same‬ B ‭Prejudice:‬‭Irrational belief formed‬‭without sufficient‬‭evidence‬‭/reasoning‬ ‭Stereotyping‬‭(othering): Automatically seeing someone‬‭as‬‭different‬‭from your “group”‬ ‭May be held by an individual, group, or institution‬ ‭Thinks or acts in favor of or against a person/group‬ ‭An unfair act or policy stemming from prejudice‬ ‭Conscious (explicit) or unconscious (implicit)‬ ‭Unconscious Bias‬ ‭●‬ ‭Social stereotypes about groups of people that individuals form outside their own‬ ‭conscious awareness‬ ‭●‬ ‭All of us hold unconscious beliefs about various social and identity groups‬ ‭●‬ ‭Stems from our cognitive tendency to organize social worlds by categorizing‬ ‭●‬ ‭Often incompatible with our conscious values‬ ‭●‬ ‭Far more prevalent than conscious prejudice‬ ‭●‬ ‭Compelling bodies of scientific evidence show unconscious bias pervasively influences‬ ‭daily interactions/patient care‬ ‭●‬ ‭Dominates when we are:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Busy with other tasks‬ ‭○‬ ‭Distracted‬ ‭○‬ ‭Tired‬ ‭○‬ ‭Under time pressure‬ ‭○‬ ‭Anxious‬ ‭Eliminating Prejudices‬ ‭●‬ ‭Identifying and being aware of it‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognize your own unconscious bias through active self-reflection‬ ‭●‬ ‭Normalize unconscious bias; it is a normal aspect of human cognition‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognize that stress and negative emotions increase stereotyping‬ ‭●‬ ‭Build partnerships with others‬ ‭●‬ ‭Enhance empathy‬ ‭Cultural Terminology‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ethnocentrism:‬‭Belief that one’s ideas, beliefs, and‬‭practice are the best, superior, or‬ ‭most preferred to those of others‬ ‭●‬ ‭Patriotism:‬‭Loyalty and attachment to one’s culture/country‬‭without hostility to others‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural imposition:‬‭Belief that everyone should conform‬‭to the majority belief system‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural blindness:‬‭Ignoring differences and proceeding‬‭as if they do not exist‬ ‭●‬ ‭Cultural conflict:‬‭People become aware of differences and feel threatened‬ ‭ uestion:‬‭Stereotyping occurs when people ignore differences‬‭in the cultures in which they live‬ Q ‭and proceed as if they do not exist.‬ ‭a.‬ ‭True‬ ‭b.‬ ‭False‬ ‭Cultural Influences on Healthcare‬ ‭●‬ ‭Physiologic variations‬ ‭●‬ ‭Reactions to pain‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ ental health‬ M ‭Gender roles‬ ‭Language and communication‬ ‭Orientation to space and time‬ ‭Food and nutrition‬ ‭Family support‬ ‭Socioeconomic factors‬ ‭Culturally Sensitive Nursing Care: Patient in Pain‬ ‭●‬ ‭Recognize each person holds various beliefs about pain‬ ‭●‬ ‭Respect the patient’s right to respond to pain in their own fashion‬ ‭●‬ ‭Never stereotype a patient’s responses to pain based on their culture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Be sensitive to nonverbal signals of discomfort, such as holding or applying pressure to‬ ‭the painful area or avoiding activities that intensify the pain‬ ‭The Culture of Poverty‬ ‭●‬ ‭Feelings of despair‬ ‭●‬ ‭Day-to-day attitude toward life‬ ‭●‬ ‭Unemployment and need for financial or government aid‬ ‭●‬ ‭Unstable family structure‬ ‭●‬ ‭Decline in self-respect and retreat from community involvement‬ ‭Elements of Cultural Competence‬ ‭●‬ ‭Developing self-awareness‬ ‭●‬ ‭Demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a patient’s culture‬ ‭●‬ ‭Accepting and respecting cultural differences‬ ‭●‬ ‭Not assuming the healthcare provider’s beliefs and values are the same as the client’s‬ ‭●‬ ‭Resisting judgmental attitudes‬ ‭●‬ ‭Being open to and comfortable with cultural encounters‬ ‭●‬ ‭Accepting responsibility for one’s own cultural competency‬