World History Exam Study Guide

AP World History Exam Study Guide 2023 1200 - 1450 What is East Asia made of? China, Korea, Japan What is the Chronology of the four Chinese dynasties we need to know? Han, Sui, Tang, Song Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. General rule in East Asia The ___________ utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify their rule. Song dynasty of China In China, the system of using examinations for recruiting officials began under the _______. Candidates faced fierce competition in a series of exams dealing primarily with Confucian texts on the local, regional, and state levels. Han Dynasty What are the three Chinese cultural traditions? Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism Define this religion Founder: Confucius Location of Origin: China Date of Origin: 6th Century B.C.E. Confucianism Define Religion: Key Ideas: Social harmony through moral example; secular outlook; importance of education; family as model of the state Confucianism Define this religion Founder: Laozi Location of Origin: China Date of Origin: 6th - 3rd Century B.C.E. Daoism Define Religion: Key Ideas: Withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature; simple living; end of striving Daoism Define this religion Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Location of Origin: India Date of Origin: 6th Century B.C.E. Buddhism Define Religion: Key Ideas: Suffering caused by desire/attachment; end of suffering through modest and moral living and meditation practice Buddhism Economic Systems of ______ Produce - to create, who: free peasants and artisanal labor Exchange - to trade, who: merchants Consume - to use, who: individuals or groups East Asia The economy of ___________ flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovation is agriculture and manufacturing. Song China What does Dar al-Islam mean? House of Islam Locations of Islam before 900 CE Middle East, North Africa, southern western Europe. Locations of Islam after 900 CE East and West Africa, Eastern Europe northern India, SE Asia _______ is a monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the prophet Muhammad, based on the belief in one God (Allah) and the Quran as the primary religious text. Islam _______ is a monotheistic religion founded over 3,000 years ago, centered on the belief in one God (Yahweh) and the adherence to the Torah and other sacred texts. Judaism Christianity 1 / 30 _________ is a monotheistic religion founded on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, based on the belief in one God and the Holy Bible as the primary religious text. What were the three major types of political entities in Islam? Caliphate, Sultanate, Empire ______ is an Arabic term for successor of the prophet Muhammad Caliph ______ is a Turkish term for title of a ruler with power and authority. Sultanate _______ is a latin term for a monarch or sovereign ruler of an empire or an imperial realm Emperor Slave soldiers were commonly used to epand territory and help spread Islamic rule in _________ Afro-Eurasia This word means: Making and using a tool to change the natural state of the environment. Technology This word means: a new idea, method, device; or to a change made to an existing idea, method, or device Innovation When did these types of innovation occur: First book on algebra, encyclopedia of medicine, hospitals and traveling clinics, astronomy, poetry, universities and libraries, Greek literature into Arabic, paper making from China was spread Dar al-Islam What region contains countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh? South Asia What region contains countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia? Southeast Asia What was the biggest religion in South Asia? Hinduism _________ is a diverse and complex religious and philosophical tradition originating in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by beliefs in karma, reincarnation, and multiple manifestations of the divine. Hinduism Hindu beliefs lead to the ______ system. Caste Even though Buddhism originated in ____________, it becomes popular in many other places. India __________ spread Islam to South Asia but it was not popular there and much more popular in South East Asia. Turkic Invaders The mixtures of religions in South Asia lead to _______ Sufism. The religion of Islam spread to South Asia by the long distance trade across the __________. Indian Ocean In South Asia in the 1200s to 1450's, they use ______ to follow the rules of the government. Religion (Hinduism, Islamic) What religion is in the northern part of South Asia in 1200 1450's? Islam What religion is in the southern part of South Asia in the 1200s 1450s? Hinduism What two things helped the governments stay stable in Southeast Asia in 1200's to 1450's? Long Distance Trade and a Healthy Economy How did states in the Americas gain and keep power? Using Religion (Aztec Human Sacrifice) Facilitating long-distance trade (Incan Road System) Why did the states in Africa begin to develop circa 1200? They discovered a number of valuable raw materials State building circa _____________ refers to the process of creating and consolidating centralized political institutions and bureaucracies in different regions around the world. 1200 to 1450 What were the three biggest religions in Europe in 1200 - 1450? CHRISTIANITY, Islam, Judaism Roman Catholics (Pope) 2 / 30 What type of Christianity are in the West in Europe in the 1200-1450? What type of Christianity are in the East in Europe in the 1200-1450? Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) What disease was the Black Death? Bubonic Plague What years were the Black Death? Peaked in 1348 - 1350 Where did the Black Death spread from? From Asia to Europe When did the Hundred Years War occur? 1337 - 1417 Define this war: This war was fought between the rulers of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France over who would rule large swaths of continental Europe. Hundred Years War Name this historical event: It was early 1300s and both kings and popes were flexing their power on who really had control on the Catholic states. Eventually two different popes were elected at the same time and now there were two popes. The Great Schism The _________ were a series of religiously motivated wars, primarily waged by European Christians, to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim forces in the Middle East. Crusades When did the crusades end? End of 1200s What was the biggest political and economic structure in Europe before 1200s? Feudalism (serfs & lords) __________ eventually fades away in Europe because of new technologies, farming techniques, the black death, and more centralized governments. Feudalism ________ is farther behind than the rest of the world in 1200 to 1450. Trade and urbanization is down compared to the rest of the world. Europe Where did the silk road connect to? China, into Asia, then the Mediterranean Sea. What two states/empires did the silk road connect in the classical period? (1200 - 1450) Han Chinese Dynasty and Roman Empire The rise of ________ caused the growth of exchange networks such as the silk road. New Empires Political stability will cause more ________ because empires expand their control over large areas, more wealth means they want more luxury goods, and acquiring state resources. Trade As we see the growth of exchange networks and a bigger and bigger economy, more _______ are emerging such as Samarkand. Cities Peace precedes __________. As empires grow and become politcially stable, we see great economic growth. Prosperity Textiles, paper money, and silk was a huge impact to the increase of the volume of trade on this trade route. Silk Road Genghis Khan lead the _________ Mongols Who defeated the Song Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate, and conquered Russia? Mongols The _______ had more long-distance trade because that means more tax money, super strong government, and conquered almost all of Asia. mongols Results of Mongols: Massive movement of technology and knowledge, spread of religious ideas (but not converts), new kingdoms, the Black Death study 3 / 30 Increase of trade on the ____________. Knowledge of monsoon winds, new technologies (compasses, astrolabes), desire for foreign goods (porcelain, spices, Ivory) Indian Ocean ____________ refers to the dispersion or migration of a group of people from their original homeland or country to other parts of the world. Diaspora ____________ had the biggest naval power on the Indian Ocean, but it didn't last long and then the Portuguese arrived and started control. China ________ was the main religion spreading on the silk road, while ________ was the main religion spreading in the Indian Ocean. Buddhism, Islam The trans-Saharan trade route was all the way from the kingdoms of West Africa up to the Mediterranean Sea. Mansa Musa was this religion Islam Which empire did Mansa Musa rule? (It is in West Africa) Mali Timbuktu was a great city in the _____ empire. Mali Mansa Musa gave out so much gold that it caused ________. Inflation Growth of interregional trade across the __________ was encouraged by the introduction of camels from Arabia as well as the camel saddle with increased the volume of good. Also caravans. Sahara _______________ are very well respected in Islam. Merchants Spread of crops such as Champa rice into East Asia, bananas in Africa, citrus crops were all environmental developments of _______________ Long-Distance Trade ___________ rice was drought resistant, flood-resistant, yields twice annually, required less usage Champa With the spread of ______, you see population increase, increased cultivation in land so more deforestation and soil erosion. crops The ______ was introduced to Africa from Arabia. Camel Social-Economic reforms occur in Europe because there are fewer workers after the _____________. Bubonic Plague The biggest thing to encourage trade across the trans-Saharan route was the ____________. This was because it enabled a greater amount of volume of merchandise. Camel Saddle The bubonic plague spreads all the way across from ________ to Europe showing the connectedness of the trade routes. China ________ was introduced to West Africa around the 9th century and as a result the rulers in this region are Muslim, Islam START OF 1450 - 1750 The use of gunpowder lead to the ________ of many more empires. Conquest/Expansion The ___________ empire captured the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, in 1453 by using cannons Ottoman Under the control of __________, the Ottoman empire reaches peak with a strong navy and expands into Eastern Europe and Mediterranean. Suleiman I ___________ expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires. Imperial ____________ Land-Based Empires: Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire Afro-Eurasian 4 / 30 Songhay Empire Qing Dynasty of China (Manchus) Russia Europe (France, England) In 1450 - 1750, there was a massive expansion of _________ states like the Spanish, English, and French. colonial The point of a ___________ is that by having many more people on the ground, in the communities, you can have a much more centralized state. bureaucracy The ________ came to control of China after the fall of the Mongols. Ming Dynasty The __________ Dynasty is an example of bureaucracy because they had tax collection, tried to keep a strong central government through their land, restored the civil service exam, and had public works like expanding the Great Wall. Ming _________ refers to a system of government or organization characterized by complex rules, hierarchies, and procedures designed to manage and regulate activities. bureaucracy The __________ marked a break with existing Christian traditions, and both the Protestant and Catholic reformation contributed to the growth of Christianity. Protestant Reformation Political rivalries between the _______ and Safavid empire intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a. Ottoman ________ developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. Sikhism Name this tool: Originated in China as early as Han Dynasty Purpose is to improve navigation and allows explorers to know cardinal directions, even at night or cloudy Compass Name this tool: Developed in Classical Greece, improved on by muslims, purpose is it allows explorers to determine how far north or south they are in relation to the equator Astrolabe The compass, astrolabe, and lateen sails were huge navigation tools that were important for the growth trade over ________. ocean Name this tool: Developed by Muslims for use in Indian Ocean Trade, allows ships to switch direction and could increase speed and distance traveled Lateen Sails Innovative ______ designs such as caravel and fluyt from Europeans encouraged Maritime exploration in 1450-1750. ship The diffusion of knowledge is the reason technology is able the spread from the East to the ______, like the compass. West State-sponsored exploration means that the ________ directs and pays for the exploration. government The rivalry between European states to acquire wealth and fortune encouraged state-__________ exploration. sponsored Spreading ________ (religion) was another motivating factor for states to expand over the oceans and seas. Christianity Which country had these characters who supported Maritime exploration: Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Dias Vasco de Gama Portugal Atlantic 5 / 30 Prince Henry the Navigator was committed to exploring the _______ Ocean. Which country had these characters: Ferdinand Magellan Christopher Colombus Spain The search for a northwest passage to India to hopefully avoid going around south America was with the English, French, and ________. English sent John Cabot, who landed in America. The French sent Jacques Carter, who landed in Canada. Dutch Why states might sponsor ____________: Exploration was too expensive for individuals States in Europe developed intense rivalries Desire for gold and silver Monarchs are inspired to spread Christianity Maritime Exploration Portugal was the leader of maritime exploration early on. Once the Portuguese reached the Indian ocean, they had superior ____________ to most of the merchants, and even states, especially because China put a halt to their maritime exploration half a century earlier. technology The Portuguese tried to build a monopoly on the spice trade in the ________ Ocean by creating what became known as a trading post empire. Indian Portugal was a small country without much of a labor force to maintain such a large empire so by the 17th century the English and _________ became dominant rivals in the Indian Ocean. Dutch Ferdinand Magellan laid claim to the ________ which became the center of Spanish trade in the Indian Ocean. Philippines Much of the goods the Spanish trade in the Philippines and Indian Ocean came form the ________. Americas The French never found a northwest passage, but made trade outposts in Quebec and created a lucrative trade on _____. Fur The movement of plants, animals, and disease from the Eastern and Western Hemisphere in the 1450-1750s became known as the ___________. Columbian Exchange The products moved from the ______ to the _________ in the Columbian Exchange: potatoes, corn, tobacco, tomatoes West East The cultivation of the crops from the West to the East was very _______, it lead to a more diverse diet, better nutrition, and an increase in profit. profitable These crops went from the _______ to the ________: Sugar, coffee, rice, okra East West Things that came from crops going from ________ to _______ was cash crop system, coerced labor, deforestation and soil erosion. East West These animals moved from the ________ to the ______ in the Columbian Exchange: Turleys, llamas, Alpacas. This lead to more diverse diets and new textiles in the East. West East These animals moved from the ________ to the _________ in the Columbian Exchange: Horses, Pigs, Chicken, Cattle East West Animals were a huge part of the ____________ going from the East to the West because horses changed the ways that indigenous societies worked and cattle and pigs became large parts of America. Columbian Exchange The New World is described as the ________ while the Old World is describe as the ________. West East 6 / 30 A big part of the ____________ was the spread of disease from Europe and Africa to America Columbian Exchange _______ was the most useful weapon of the European conquerors of Native Americans even though it was not intended. Disease These disease were threats to the ________ during the Columbian Exchange : measles, small pox, malaria, influenza Native American/ Americas As __________ states sponsored exploration into the Americas and Indian Ocean, they claimed territories, built forts, and utilized their superior gunpowder and shipping technology to build empires. European _________ were the first Europeans to go around the coast of Africa and began building an empire along the coast. Portugal Local leaders in Africa were willing to cooperate with the ___________ when they went into the Indian Ocean. Portuguese Many _________ states grew economically because of their trade relationships that they built with the Europeans. African European culture diffused into Africa because of their ________. Trade Even when more European states arrived in the Ocean giving competition to __________, Asian and African merchants remained prominent in the trade networks. Portugal The __________ trade with European countries were accepting at first, but after Christianity started to spread and there were tensions between their religions, they only traded with the Dutch. Japanese In _________ during this time, the Ming dynasty was far more concerned about potential invaders from the north. China __________, a popular economic system, was developed in Europe that argued that the world's wealth was limited and defined by gold and silver which encouraged their trade. Mercantilism Rivalries in the Indian Ocean began to grow because European states wanted more gold and territory. Eventually the French were kicked out by the British in the Seven Years' War and Portugal weren't able to hold control of the large empire they had built, so just the British and _________ remained. Dutch French, British, and Dutch fought each other in North America, while __________ and Portugal fought in South America. Spain The Treaty of Tordesillas was agreed on and divided ________ between Spain and Portugal. South America The Treaty of Tordesillas was especially beneficial for the _______ because they found silver mines in their territory. Spanish Because there was so much work to be done in the Americas, European states used their advanced technology to exploit coerced _______. Labor Types of ________ in the Americas: Mit'a Encomienda Hacienda Indentured Servitude Coerced Labor ______ was a coerced labor system in the Americas which is like a tax or tribute of a set days of labor a year. Mit'a ______ was a coerced labor system in the Americas which is similar to European serfdom, food, shelter, and "protection" granted for labor, but living and working conditions were brutal Encomienda ______ was a coerced labor system in the Americas which is another land-based system, but more agricultural. Hacienda 7 / 30 ______ was a coerced labor system in the Americas which is domestic and field work done for an assigned period of time in exchange for transportation to the Americas Indentured Servitude Because Native Americans were affected by European disease, they could run away knowing the land, and indentured servitude was supposed to be temporary, the Empires looked to _______ to fulfill their needs of coerced labor. Africa Even though millions of Africans were being taken as slaves, Africa's population grew in 1450 - 1750 because of the new crops introduced in the _________. Columbian Exchange _____________ slavery was a form of slavery in which enslaved individuals were treated as property and could be bought, sold, traded, or inherited like any other commodity. Was the most common form of slavery in the Americas. Chattel The core of _________ is control. To control the raw materials, the markets, and leads to industrialization. Emphasized significant exports while minimizing imports which the goal of this is to acquire currency. Mercantilism The core of disputes between European states were the competition of _________. Resources Militaries were expanded this time and especially the ______ because if you had a good ________ that was your military. Navy The trans-atlantic ________ trade is what allowed these European states to get these raw materials. slave ________, while making empires powerful, also made them increasingly susceptible to debt and social upheavel. Expansion Why there were forms of __________: European states expansion in the America infringed on native groups Native population decreased, were used as coercive labor, pushed from their lands. Strict slave codes were created out of fear of ___________. Rebellions There were revolts in south America because many Spanish missionaries forced __________ onto natives. Christianity _____________ slavery was created in the Americas, where you being a slave would be passed down to your future generations. This is the first time in world history this type of slavery was created. Hereditary Revolts in New Mexico through out the ________ for twelve years. The consequences of this is when the Spanish came back they had to have more peaceful relations and now the Spanish focused on peace-keeping. Called the PUEBLO REVOLTS. Spanish King Philip's War was the greatest war in the colonies in the ________. English settlers continued to move into native land despite previous treaties. The native destroyed several English villages and killed over 1 thousand settlers. Was a rebellion to the oppression of the English colonies. The consequences of this war is that it almost united English colonies to fight against the natives and also increased encroachment into native lands. 1600s The old forms of _______ is no longer working for much large empires in the 1450s to 1750s. hierarchied Reasons for Change to ___________ in 1450s to 1750s: Hereditary land ownership did not apply to colonization Smaller states are being integrate into larger empires Racial Hierarchies are created Social Hierarchies 8 / 30 The biggest example of the change of social hierarchies in 1450s to 1750s is the _________ system. It was a racial hierarchy that was used in Latin America to protect and justify the power of the Spanish. Over time, racial distinctions became less clear. Not as inflexible as caste system in India, but largely protects by European elites. Created social distinctions by race, which was popular in the Americas. Casta The _________ system went like this: 1. Peninsulares (Spanish-born) 2. Criollos (American-born of Spanish descent) 3. Mestizos (mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry) 4. Mulattos (mixed Spanish and African ancestry) 5. Zambos (mixed Indigenous and African ancestry) 6. Indigenous peoples 7. Enslaved Africans. Casta Definition of the ____________: An intellectual and ideological movement centered in 18th century Europe that rejected traditional ways of thinking in favor of the application of logic and reason Enlightenment The Enlightenment rand from the late 1600s to the late __________. 1700s The social contract was a big part of the ______________. It was the idea that all individuals surrender certain personal freedoms to a government or association, but that government must rule with certain responsibilities. Enlightenment The ________ led to the spread and enactment of political ideas like popular sovereignty, individual rights, suffrage known as the right to vote for women, opportunities for women, and the abolition of slavery. Enlightenment The Enlightenment lead to many ________ such as the American ________. revolutions These were the causes for what event: British Monarchy tightening control over the colonies British use of mercantilism to recover debt American Revolution These events are from the ____________: The Declaration of Independence Help from French led to victory American Revolution The American Revolution was a political upheaval that occurred in the ________ century in which thirteen British colonies in North America rejected British rule, leading to the formation of the United States of America. 18th After the American Revolution, there was a creation of new state based on Enlightenment principles and freedoms limited to _________. white men This were causes for the ________: Debt crisis worsened by the (country) participation in the American Revolution An unsustainable taxing system that protected the wealthy and powerful French Revolution In France, even though the majority of the population were peasants and commoners, they did not have enough voice in their government to change the taxation problem. This lead the the creation of the __________ Assembly. National The creation of the National Assembly in France lead to many battles. It worked to create a constitutional monarchy, but hungry peasants attacked the Queen Marie Antoinette and lead to the a group who came in power known as the ___________. Jacobins 9 / 30 The ____________ wanted a constitutional republic, not a monarchy. This time became known as the Reign of Terror because of the use of the guillotine to execute thousands. Jacobins These were the consequences of the _____________: War in other parts of Europe and the colonies The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and a very similar government Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen French Revolution The greatest thing to come out of the French Revolution was the __________________________, which established the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen These were causes of the __________: Confusion by the French Revolution Slave revolt joined by escaped slaves Leaders rose to lead the rebellion, following the examples of the French and American Revolutions Haitian Revolution The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen by the ____________ caused confusion in Haiti if it applies to the French colonies there. This created a lot of chaos and a slave revolt grew. French Revolution In the __________, enslaved people outnumber Europeans 10 to 1. This lead the Spanish and British to get involved and try to put down the slave revolution. This caused the revolution to be so bloody. Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution is important in world history because it represented the ______ successful slave rebellion, ending slavery and establishing a non-white government in the Americas. Only/First Most of these revolutions occurred at the end of the eighteenth century: American Revolution (1775-1783) ____________ (1789-1799) Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) Latin American Wars of Independence (1810-1825) French Revolution The __________ were a series of armed conflicts that took place from 1810 to 1825, in which various countries in Latin America fought to gain independence from their European colonizers, particularly Spain and Portugal. These wars were sparked by a variety of factors, including Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, economic grievances, and political instability in Europe. Spanish American revolutions By the mid-1820s, most of the Latin American countries had gained their independence in the ___________. Spanish American Revolutions These were causes for the _____________: Enlightenment Ideas People felt they were being exploited by Spain The Spanish colonial system was hierarchical Political instability in Europe Other Revolutions Spanish American Revolutions 1750-1900 (Included the Previous Revolutions) Definition of _____________: Change in how things were produced Use of machines in production Production in a single location: factories Specialization of labor Industrialization Things that contributed to ___________ in England: Improvements in agriculture Protection of private property (people move to cities to find jobs) Urbanization Availability of natural Resources Access to waterways Industrialization 10 / 30 Accumulation of capital (investments) New ways of organizing labor The _____________ began in Britain in the 1750s and spread across western europe in early to mid 1800s. It spread to the US in late 1700s, to Russia in mid/late 1800s, and to Japan in 1850s. Industrial Revolution How _________ spread: British businessmen found opportunities and brought the designs of factories with them for profit Some areas of Europe were delayed in starting the process of industrialization because of political challenges Japan and Russia began to industrialize after encouragement of their governments Industrialization Changes in global pattern of production after Industrialization: Steam-powered industrial production in Europe and the ____ allowed those regions to increase their share of global manufacturing Middle Eastern and Asian countries experienced a DECREASE in their share of global manufacturing USA Specific technologies that helped the ______________: The steam engine (use of coal to increase power of machines) Steam engines were good in helping the spread of people and technology Industrial Revolution Technologies in the Second Industrial Revolution Include: ___________. __________ lead to urbanization, which is also a cause and effect of Industrialization. Oil, oil helped make the engine and automobiles and plane technology Electricity steel Developments in Communication were another huge part of the _____________. Stuff such as the telegraph and the telephone are examples of this. Industrial Revolution ___________ had business-friendly laws that promoted market policies, protected intellectual property and actual property rights, help promote the industrial revolution. Governments Some states in _____ and Asia took over direct control of the industrial process. This goes to the term state-sponsored. The state sponsored and directed the industrial process. Africa State-Sponsored Industrialization in _____________: (Had an absolute monarch) Most of the industrialization was paid for by foreign countries Encounters with industrial states 1890s: _____ launches industrialization Steel, coal, textiles Central to few major urban centers Fourth largest producer of steel Trans-Siberian Railway Russia State-Sponsored Industrialization in the ____________-: Encounters with industrial states Called the sick man of Europe Muhammad Ali ruled in Egypt Reform was beginning Ottoman Empire State-sponsored industrialization occurred in Russia, Ottoman Empire, and __________. Japan The reason states such as Russia, Ottoman Empire, and Japan had a state-sponsored industrialization was in response to the ___________ power of Western industrial states. growing 11 / 30 While Russia and the Ottoman Empire were not so good at state-sponsored industrialization, _______ was able to create a strong industrial economy. Japan Causes of __________ Industrial Movement: _________- was in isolation (only traded with Dutch) Matthew Perry was sent by US to demand them to open trade (they sent a whole navy) They saw what happened in China with opium and how China got embarrassed so they agreed Japan Course of Japan Industrial Movement: Dissatisfaction with the shogun(government) They made the _________ Restoration - restored power to the descendent of the emperor. Meiji restoration caused reforms : -Abolition of feudal system -Constitutional Monarchy -Institution of Individual Rights -Expanded Education State-run Industrialization: -Railroad Infrastructure -Postal System -National Currency Meiji Japan was able to make money for their state-sponsored industrialization by taxing the _______________ economy with then encouraged even more the industrial economy. Agricultural Consequences of ______________ Industrial Movement: Successful Industrial Economy Elimination of unequal treaties Stark contrast to other Asian States Regional Power Japan The _____________ was a period of major political, economic, and cultural change in Japan that lasted from 1868 to 1912. It began with the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868 and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, and ended with the emperor's death in 1912. During this period, Japan underwent a process of modernization and industrialization, transforming itself from a feudal society into a modern nation-state. Meiji Restoration The economic theory before industrialization in 1450 - 1750 was ___________. Mercantilism In the years __________ to 1900, we see a shift in economic theories, rooted by the enlightenment. Greater acceptance of capitalist ideas led to policies that reflected this new economic theory. Moved toward capitalist policies. A capitalist is a person who owns and invests in capital or wealth in order to generate profit and increase their financial resources. 1750 ___________ came up with the idea of capitalism. It was called laissez-faire capitalism, where the government does not interfere with the business and the person makes the profit. Adam Smith Changing Business Practices in the _______-_____: Corporations, stock markets Ways to spread risk among multiple investors Large-scale transnational businesses 1750-1900 In the 1750 to 1900, there was an ________ in the standard of living. There was _____________ in manufacturing, increased availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. An example of consumer good becoming more affordable would be hot chocolate. improvement 12 / 30 Despite economic change, traditional elites remained powerful in the period of 1750 to 1900 because they had wealth to _____ in industrial capitalism. Invest One way there were calls for reform in ___________ economies were labor unions: Minimum wage laws Limits on hours worked Extra pay for extra work Expansion of voting rights Restrictions on child labor industrial The ___________ Response to Western Industrialization: Tanzimat Reforms Becoming Increasingly Secular Educational system Legal system Religious tolerance Easier for foreigners to do business with empire Pushback against movement: Muslim religious leaders Sultan pushed out reformers Ottoman Empire ___________ China Response to Western Industrialization: Self Strengthening Advancing military technology Depending on advisors from France and Britain New tax system for imports and exports Increased diplomacy Dismantled Civil service exam system Pushbacks: Empress opposed reforms Qing The new social classes of the ___________ is the middle class (managers) and industrial working class. Industrial Revolution Changes for Women and Children in Industrial Society: Women in ___________-class families were increasingly expected to focus on homemaking and taking care of children Women and children in industrial working class often had jobs in factories to supplement family income middle Challenges because of ______________ in the 1750s to 1900s: Pollution Poverty Increased Crime Public Health Crises Housing Shortages Industrial Urbanization Recap of ______________ (years of) Industrialization: Political Changes include enlightenment ideas, revolution and rebellion against existing political power structures, democracy, independence movements, nationalism, Marxism, reform movements, Economic Changes include increased agricultural productivity, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, transportation innovation, new businesses 1750 - 1900 Def of _______: Expansion of national Power Possession imperialism New Imperialism emerged in the 19th century as a result of the ___________. The need for cheap raw materials and mineral for manufacturing and need for foreign markets to buy manufactured products were the main goals of New Imperialism. Industrial Revolution The ______________ of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a significant impact on the cultures of colonized territories. 13 / 30 European powers sought to impose their values, beliefs, and ways of life on these territories, often through forceful means. New Imperialism _________ was the idea of survival of the fittest to success and wealth. Social Darwinism _____________ was a pseudoscientific belief based on empirical, or observational, data on racial characteristics scientific racism The idea of _________ emerged in the early 19th century. It was based around the belief that one nation has certain unique qualities that sets it apart from others. __________ justified imperialism and persecution. Nationalism Examples of ______________________ in the 19th Century: Japanese expansion in Asia and their war with China and Russia United States and the Banana republics Nationalism ___________ was a rationale for imperialism that: Originated in France Blessings of cultural and religious superiority Duty to Civilize heathens to prepare foe progress Civilizing Mission Imperialism Facts in the _________-________ (years): Many European states (Britain, France, Netherlands) the US, and Japan took territories in Africa and Asia and the Pacific Expanded from trade posts Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires. Spanish and Portuguese influence declined 1750-1900 During imperialism, Spain lost influence, such as the Philippines to the ___________. US ___________ Colonies (In 1914): France established colonies in West Africa, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia Britain established colonies in West Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia Netherlands established colonies in Indonesia Germany, Italy, and Belgium all had colonies in Africa Imperialism Def of _____________: replace indigenous population with people from the imperial power settler colony One way states expanded their control during _______________ was some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities. imperialism Another way states expand their control during imperialism was by ____________ and diplomacy. (opposite of diplomacy) warfare The biggest event of diplomacy in imperialism is the ________________ ______________. Diplomats from Europe got together to discuss the colonization or dividing up of Africa and establishing rules. Berlin/Congo Conference The last way states expanded in Imperialism was by __________ and _______________ neighboring territories. This would include USA Manifest Destiny, and Trail of Tears across North America. Russia's conquest and settlement of central Asia. Japan's conquer of Korea and Manchuria conquering and settling Questions about political authority and growing ___________ lead to the anti-imperialism resistance with made anti-colonial movements, creation of new states on the peripheries, direct resistance, and rebellions. nationalism The ______________ was a nationalist uprising in Egypt in 1879-1882, led by Colonel Ahmed Urabi, who aimed to overthrow 14 / 30 the ruling Khedive and establish a constitutional government. The movement was eventually suppressed by British and Ottoman forces, leading to a period of foreign occupation and increasing discontent among the Egyptian population. Urabi Movement The _____________ Independence refers to the series of nationalist uprisings and wars in the ___________ region during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the establishment of several independent states in the region, including Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and others, and contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Balkan __________ economies depend on __________ing raw materials or cash crops. Less emphasis on domestic production of manufactured goods. These were huge in imperialism because increased production from industrialization production led to search for new markets to sell manufactured goods and get raw resources. Export Examples of ________ _______________: Cotton Production in Egypt Rubber extraction in Brazil Palm Oil in West Africa Meat in Argentina Diamonds in Africa Guano in Peru Export Economies _____________ imperialism is a type of imperialism where a country or a business from a country dominates another country's economy in some way. Economic Information about Economic _______________: Typically, the states or business invests in developing the natural resources Contributes to the development of export economies Gave merchants and companies an advantage in the trade of many commodities Imperialism Where economic imperialism was happening in the period of __________ to ____________. Latin America: Mexico, Brazil, Argentine, Chile, Caribbean Asia: India, Indonesia, China Africa: Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Gold Coast, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Angola, Congo Pacific: Hawaii 1750, 1900 ______________ in China: Problems: Chinese goods were in high demand in Britain Almost no British goods were in demand in China China restricted to a single port Created a trade imbalance for Britain and they looked for ways to "fix" it Economic Imperialism Solution: Opium grew well in India British East India Company forced Indian farmers to grow opium Sold the opium in China for silver Used the profits to buy chinese goods to send back to Britain The economic imperialism in China lead to the Chinese attempt to force the British to stop bringing __________ into China. Led to the ______ Wars between China and Britain who were occasionally assisted by the French navy. China's losses in the _______ Wars meant China was forced to sign trade agreements with Britain and other countries like Japan, France, US etc. Exclusive 15 / 30 Opium trading rights for each nation meant more ports opened. China increasingly dominated by foreign states. Reasons for ___________ in the 19th and early 20th centuries: Economic opportunities: Many people were motivated to have _________ in search of better economic opportunities, such as jobs and higher wages, especially in the growing industries of the United States and other developed countries. Political and religious persecution: People fleeing political and religious persecution in their home countries often sought refuge in other countries, such as the United States and Canada, where they could enjoy greater freedoms and protections. Migrations More reasons for migrations in the 1800s to the early ______: Agricultural changes: Changes in agricultural practices and the increasing use of machinery led to displacement of farmers in many parts of Europe, which prompted them to seek new opportunities elsewhere. Population growth: The rapid growth of population in some countries, combined with limited resources and opportunities, led to increased migration to other countries. Transportation improvements: Improvements in transportation, such as the expansion of railroads and steamships, made migration more feasible and affordable for many people. 1900s The Industrial Revolution contributed to the development of a _________ pattern in which people moved from rural areas to cities and from less developed regions to more developed regions, in search of better economic opportunities and a chance for a better life. migration One effect of __________ is the new roles for women: Migrants, either external or internal, are mostly male, women left to take care for family Change in demographics and gender roles migration Because of migration we see ethnic ________. Ethnic _________ are neighborhoods or communities where people of a particular ethnic or cultural group live in close proximity to one another. One example of these would be Chinatown in San Francisco. enclaves One bad thing of _______ in the 1800s to early 1900s is hostility in receiving societies. We see this because of economic competition. There are acts of ethnic and racial discrimination and persecution. An example would be the Chinese in America and the Chinese Exclusion act of 1882. migration The __________ Exclusion Act of 1882 was a U.S. federal law that prohibited ________ immigrants from entering the country and prevented ___________ people already in the United States from becoming citizens. Chinese _________ Continuities and Changes between 1200 - 1900: Continuities: People have moved for economic opportunity/need People in __________ have faced hardship in their new region Changes: As the Industrial Revolution began, more people moved around the world in search of jobs ___________ was quicker and easier because of new modes of transportation Migrations Consequences of _____________: Imperialism Multiple Strategies to expand control and power: warfare, diplomacy, non-state to state control, economic imperialism Resistance and reform in response to growing pressures from industrialized states Migrations: rural to urban, long distance Industrialization Start of 1900 - Present 16 / 30 The ___________ in the 1900s is known as the Sick Man of Europe. It is collapsing dies to: Increasing nationalism which led religions to break away from the ___________ (internal) Aggression from Western Industrialization nations (external) Failed modernization/industrialization programs like the Tanzimat Reforms (internal) Ottoman Empire The _____________ __________ were a series of political, economic, and social reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century, aimed at modernizing the state and improving its administrative and legal systems. Ultimately, it could not stop the fall of the Ottoman empire. Tanzimat Reforms The fall of the ___________ in China in the 1900s was due to: Ethnic tensions between Manchus and Han (ethnic group who ruled, and ethnic group who contained large part of population) Aggression from Western industrialization nations carving out spheres of influence Failed modernization/industrialization programs like the Self-Strengthening Movement Qing Dynasty The _________________ _________was a series of reforms introduced in China in the late 19th century aimed at modernizing the country's military and economy through a combination of Chinese and Western techniques and technology. While the movement did lead to some improvements in areas such as industry, transportation, and military technology, it ultimately failed to address the underlying problems facing China, including corruption, internal unrest, and foreign aggression. Self-Strengthening Movement _________ will lead a revolution to overthrow the Qing in 1911 creating the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen Def of ____________: a political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society in which all property and resources are owned and controlled collectively. communism From Tsarist Russia to Communist Revolution: First Revolution (_____________ (month and year)) = Tsar Nicholas --> Alexander Kerensky What caused this was Russia's declin as a world power after the Crimean war and Russo-Japanese War, peasant dissatisfaction, human and financial costs of war. March 1917 From Tsarist Russia to Communist Revolution: Second Revolution (October 1917) = Alexander Kerensky --> V.I. Lenin(Communist) What caused this was Kerensky decided to stay in WWI, the new government, led by the Bolsheviks, wanted to get Russia out of WWI (Promised _____, _______, and _______) Peace, Bread, Land In March 1918, the communists of Russia get out of the war after Russia and Germany signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded a large amount of __________ to Germany. land You can remember the four causes of World War I through the acronym MAIN, which means __________, _____________, ______________, _____________ = WW1. Militarization, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism ________ lead up to WWI because of the: Arms race: The arms race before World War I was a period of intense competition between European nations to build up their military strength and technology in anticipation of potential conflicts. Naval Race: The naval race before World War I was a competition between Britain and Germany to build up their naval forces and gain dominance over the seas. Militarism 17 / 30 Large Standing Armies + Colonial Reserves Defensive barriers and fortification ___________ lead up to WWI because of: Mutual Defense Alliances: 1. Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy 2. Triple Entente between France, Britain, Russia 3. Others would be Russia and Serbia or Britain, France, and Belgium 4. During War: Countries join alliances Countries Switch alliances New Names: Allies, Central Powers Alliance System __________________ lead up to WWI because of: 1. Competition for new land or defending colonies against other powers 2. Russo-Japanese War 3. Germany, France, Britain in Africa Germany in Europe Imperialism _______________ lead up to WWI because of two types of it: 1) Ideas of national superiority 2) Right of self-determination based on ethnicity and common culture An example of nationalism leading up to WWI was the rise of Pan-Slavism, Pan-Slavism is a movement that seeks to promote the cultural and political unity of all Slavic peoples, often by emphasizing shared history, language, and traditions. Nationalism The assassination of ________________ made many countries nervous and angry because it happened during a time when they were already competing and building up their military power. It was seen as a challenge to the authority of Austria-Hungary, which wanted to punish Serbia for the assassination. This caused a series of events that led to many countries fighting against each other in World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand Because Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, both ________ who had an agreement with Serbia and Germany who had an agreement with Austria-Hungary stepped in to help fight the war leading more European countries to declare war. Russia Component of_____________: Political Propaganda Nationalism Mobile home and Colonial Population New Military Technology Total War _________________ meant do it for your country: Full mobilization- all focus on war Domestic and military Woman and Chilren Labor Shortage Economic Planning Media Censorship Art Barbaric Enemy Stereotypes Guilt Political Propaganda The ________________ was a secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance between the two countries in the event that the United States entered the war on the side of the Allied powers. Because many Americans opposed joining foreign war against the distant Germans, this helped spark the idea that danger was close. Zimmerman Telegram 18 / 30 WWI doesn't just affect countries in __________ because that it is where it is located, it has global effects, and exampe would be how Great Britain and France raised millions of troops from their colonies and acquired additional labor to fight in the war. Europe New _______________ of WWI: Heavy Artillery Warfare Trench Warfare Air Warfare Naval Warfare Mobile Warfare Chemical Warfare Military Technology The increase in new military technologies lead to much more physical and ____________ casualties. psychological The ____________, signed on June 28, 1919, which formally ended the war and imposed heavy penalties on Germany, including territorial losses and reparations payments. Treaty of Versailles The _________________ began after WWI. This was because of unemployment, people borrowed money from banks and couldn't pay them back which caused bank closures, and collapse of world trade because of protectionist policies. Great Depression Following WWI and the onset of the Great Depression, _____________ began to take a more active role in economic life. governments How the _________ government reacted to the Great Depression: People were rushing to get government jobs New Deal (1933-1939) The idea of the New Deal was from FDR on the writings on John Maynard Keynes -> if private industry can't invest/spend, the government should invest and spend United States The _________ was a massive government spending project in America that aimed at: Providing jobs Preventing the collapse of banks Creating a minimum wage Creating unions Social Security And more New Deal Who is FDR? Franklin D. Roosevelt In the Great Depression, ________ experience hyper-inflation due to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany ___________ did not feel they received their fair share after WWI because they did not get much in the Treaty of Versailles and now they are going through an economic strain. Italy Corporatist ____________: _____________: (created by Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s) a highly nationalist totalitarian form of the government that places the states over the individual; fascist governments prohibit criticism of the government and any resistance to the government would be severely punished. Fascism _______________ would embrace Fascist ideology. Adolf Hitler The main difference between fascism and ___________ is that in fascism people can have private property or open up stores, if the government want to take away the business they can, but at an economic level they are still capitalist. communism Example Prompt and Answer: Prompt: Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which one or more states controlled their economies in this time period (Great Depression) 19 / 30 Answer: The extent to which one or more states control their economies after 1900 varied. The Italians and Germans utilized corporatist fascism which put the state above the individual, while the USA increased the size of the federal government under FDR's new deal. The Soviet Union used communism. Analyze the Answer WWI and the Communist Revolution stalled _________ economy. Losses in the ___________-Japanese War and Crimean War exposed the lack of industrialization that had taken place in Russia compared to Japan and Western Europe. Russian After WWI, Russia installed the __________. Joseph Stalin's goal for the _____________ was to create economic and industrial growth over a specified time period through a quota system. 5 Years Plans Stalin's First 5 Year Plan (________(year)): 1. Rapid industrialization: 250% increase in industrial development Result was 118% increase 2. Collectivization of Agriculture: take privately owned farms and put them under control of the government to create food for industrial workers and force some peasants to work in factories. Result was millions of peasants starved to death 1928 The ________ Five Year Plan (1933): The plan aimed to rapidly industrialize the country and improve its military strength. It focused on developing heavy industry, such as steel and machinery production, and increasing agricultural output through collectivization and mechanization. involved the construction of infrastructure, such as railroads and new factories. Good in achieving economic goals but had harsh working conditions, increased inequality, and the suppression of dissent. The plan led to the creation of a highly centralized economic system controlled by the Soviet government. It also strengthened Stalin's power and consolidated his control over the country. Second Ottoman Empire in WWI: During WWI, the Ottoman empire joined the _____________, forming an alliance with Germany and they lost. Central Powers What happened to the _________ after WWI: Mandate System: At the Paris Peace Conference -> German colonies along with the Ottoman Empire would be split up the the Allied Powers (Britain and France) it was determined that these mandates would be overseen by the League of Nations with the goal of future independence. Ottoman Empire The Sykes Picot Agreement went against the league of nations ideas to help the nations of the _______________ get back on their feet, and Britain took Iraq, Palestine, Jordan. France took Syria an Lebanon Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal Ataturk responded by organizing an uprising taking over Anatolia and creating modern day Turkey in ________. Turkey is the remains of the Ottoman Empire. 1922 _________________ in WWI: During WWI, ________ joined the Allies and won __________ suffered economically during the Great Depression because they were dependent on importing fuel and food Because they were industrialized, they wanted to carve out their own colonial empire like the West Japan After WWI, Japan did not get large amounts of land from the ______Peace Conference, so they sought land through other 20 / 30 means. They started taking East Asia and claimed to want to free Asia from European imperialism. Japan's true goal was to colonize these areas for themselves for raw materials to continue to industrialize and to create a defensive barrier of Pacific Islands Paris Japan's first act of aggression was conquering resource-rich ______ (upper-East China) (1931) through the Mukden incident where they staged an explosion on their railroads to give justification for invading. Manchuria Japan's invasion on Manchuria was illegal to the _____________ (the blank is a pact) so Japan breaks apart from them because they knew war was going to happen. League of Nations India during WWI: India, as a ______ colony, joined the war effort in WWI and fought alongside the _______ to win. India was promised self-rule by the __________ after WWI, this did not occur. British The failure of Britain to give _______ independence after WWI led to an increase in anti-imperial resistance by _____________'s population. India _________ was an Indian lawyer educated in Britain who led the fight for India's independence form British rule. Gandhi The _______________ was a political party in India aimed at achieving independence made up of upper-class educated Indians/ Indian National Congress The __________ (1919, WWI ended in 1918) was when over 300 peaceful protesters in India were murdered by British troops and this mobilized the anti-imperial resistance in India. Gandhi led massive nonviolent protests against the British, utilizing passive resistance Amritsar Massacre India __________ earn independence until after WWII. (Yes that is a two) did not ______________ would not receive independence after WWI, but the seeds of resistance were planted, which would lead to _________'s independence after WWII. India Causes of _______: Unsustainable Post-WWI Peace Settlements such as the Treaty of Versailles to the Weimar Republic Global Economic Crisis such as the Great Depression Rise of Totalitarianism such as USSR/Stalin, Italy/Mussolini, Germany/Hitler, Japan/Tojo WWII The Treaty of Versailles lead to WWII because for one Germany lost a lot of land and went into severe debt. The treaty made Europe unstable because Italy did not get the land promised for switching sides and also Japan did not get as much as they thought they should have. Also ___________ did not become a member of the League of Nations which was supposed to make a treaty to end all war. America __________ Republic - Germany (1919-1933) Economic and social disorder Positive: constitution with rights for the people and free elections Negative: severe hyperinflation by 1923 (too much paper money), failure to pay reparations owed to countries for WWI, and other countries occupied Germanies industrial areas USA rescued Germany's economy by reorganizing the money Germany owed them and loaning them money to get out of their sever debt, this only lasted until 1928 when the stock market crashed and they pulled their investments Weimar 21 / 30 Global Depression and Rise of Hitler: Germany was hit hardest with depression Rise of right-wing National Socialist German Workers' Party (________ (abv.)) Scapegoats were the Weimar (old government) and Jews Ultranationalism Hitlers Promise - Make Germany Great Again NAZI The Third Reich Goal (Goal of Nazis): Tear up the Treaty of Versailles Stop Reparations Reclaim Land Rearm the Military Create Jobs Eliminate the __________ influence in finance Jewish Toward the end of WWI, ________ signed a treaty with Germany and its allies to end its participation in the war. After this, Germany lost and lost a lot of the land that they just acquired from __________. The new states created here were Poland and Czechoslovakia. Russia Ukraine and Poland were the __________ of Europe after WWI, meaning that Germany and the Soviet Union were logical enemies destined to fight over the same land. breadbaskets The Rise of __________ in Italy: His part laid the framework of ultranationalism that was used by the Nazis Dreamt of creating a new Roman Empire through the expansion into the Balkans (South-Eastern Europe) and Africa. His conquests were against the league of nations so they ended up leaving Mussolini In Japan after WWI, there was also ultranationalism similar to Italy focused on expansion and restoring Japanese glory. Japan eventually invaded ___________ where it carried out atrocities comparable to the horror in the Holocaust. Eventually it expanded to southeast Asia where it impacted US troops so the US froze japanese assets. China Around the time of Japan attacking China, a man named General ______ came to power in Japan and set his eyes on the USA and further into the Pacific and South Asia. His actions eventually lead the US to join WWII. Tojo The __________ failed to prevent any war after WWI. League of Nations In ______ Austria joined under Hitler's control of Nazi Germany. This was what Hitler wanted most because now he could start expanding. 1938 Germany/Hitler(old Austria) demanded the annexation of Sudetenland which was mostly German and industrial. The British made a promise with Hitler so seize his expansionist plans in return for getting that land. Hitler took it, and then the rest of _______________. He knew he could do anything because Britain and France wouldn't do anything to stop him. Czechoslovakia Both USSR and Germany wanted _________ because of its agricultural value. Although both Hitler and Stalin were on opposite sides of political ideology, they were both totalitarian leaders who looked to glorify their own countries and satisfy their cravings for land. They decided to both invade ___________ and divide it between them. Poland Germany first invaded Poland in _____ starting WWII. Britain and France declared war on Germany for invading Poland. Soon 1939 22 / 30 after the USSR invaded Poland from the East and attacked other countries created after WWI. Even though Germany and Russia both agreed to invade Poland, they both hated each other because Nazis were nationalistic and the USSR were ___________. Communists Def of ____________: mobilizing civilian population and domestic economy to go and support the war effort Total War ________ and Canada Total War in WWII: mobilized civilian population well, especially women. Industrial output increased partly due to the lack of risk of attacks unlike in Europe and Japan US _________ Total War in WWII: not as productive as USA/Canada, utilized forced labor (Prisoners of war) Germany _______ Total War in WWII: did not mobilize women to work in the war to maintain traditional gender roles Japan Mobilizing Support for Germany in WWII: Totalitarian Nazi Germany mobilized through public displays of hyper-nationalistic and militaristic fascism (one party leadership where the states is above the individual) Germany early in the war were able to conquer surrounding territories quickly through the Blitzkrieg (____________ war) strategy lightning _______________ uses emotion (fear & patriotism) to manipulate the audience Propaganda The USA joined WWII after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in December _________. 1941 New Technology in WWII: _____ was a new incendiary technology that caused the destruction through fire instead of a blast from a bomb Firebombing New Technology in WWII: President Truman decided to utilize the new __________ after Japan would not surrender after Italy and Germany were defeated. He saw it as the best way to end the war quickly with the least amount of American deaths. Two bombs were dropped in early august 1945 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Atomic Bomb Examples of Mass Atrocities in the ____________ Century: Holocaust Armenian Genocide Cambodian Killing Fields Rwanda in the 1990s Ukrainian man-made famine in the 1930s Twentieth Why did all the atrocities happen in the 20th Century? Because of modern weaponry, ethnic or religious _______, and earlier conflicts. hatred The Rwanda genocide was a mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate _________ in Rwanda in 1994, during which an estimated 800,000 people were killed over the course of about 100 days. The genocide was largely carried out by members of the _______ ethnic majority who were incited by the government and extremist media to kill their Tutsi neighbors and anyone who opposed the regime. Hutu Judenrein was a German term in WWII when an area had been "____________" of Jewish people. cleansed industrialization 23 / 30 Western European and American ____________ is going to make these nations dominant over those who did not do it as effectively. ______________ nations in the 1800s through 1900s are going to compete against each other for raw materials and ideological dominance which will lead military conflicts such as WWI, WWII, and the Cold War. Industrialized _____________ refers to a form of government that exercises complete control over all aspects of society, including political, social, and cultural domains. Totalitarian What Major Powers Looked like After _______: Germany: loss of the war; fall of Nazism; occupation by Allied forces Soviet Union: major loss of life; increased industrialization; control of territory in Eastern Europe US: smaller casualties compared to others; improved economy after the Great Depression; began using atomic bombs England: destruction to major cities; beginning to lose control of overseas colonies such as India Japan: loss of territory in East Asia; destruction from atomic bombs; occupation by the US WWII After WWII, _________ began to lose control of their oversea colonies in Africa and in South Asia, especially India, because they promised to the colonies that if they helped them in the war effort they would get their independence. England/Britain The Cold War goes from approximately 1945 to _______, the fall of the Soviet Union. 1991 During the Cold War, there was hostility between the _________ and Russia without direct military confrontation, such as the proxy wars where each supported a different side in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan. There were also things like the Space Race, 1972 Olympic basketball, 1980 Olympic hockey, and 1956 Olympic water polo ("Blood in the Water" match). US Why there was ________ between US and the Soviets: Fight over human rights, Enlightenment ideals Fight over resources and markets for goods Fight over military allies Hostility Not all countries allied themselves with US or USSR in the Cold War because they did not want to be brought into war, they stayed neutral as part of the ____________ Movement. Non-Aligned The Post-_____ View from Russia: 14 Million Soviet soldiers killed 8 million civilians killed Invaded by Germany twice in the last 30 years Fearful of an invasion by the US and England WWII Post-_______ View from America Did not want devastated nations from ________ to fall back to Soviet-backed communism Goals: 1. Economic reconstruction of Europe and East Asia 2. Military Superiority 3. "Containment" of Communism This is why we see them go into proxy wars to try and stop the spread of Communism. WWII On way the _________ is being fought through this ideological way is through military Alliances such as NATO, Warsaw Pact, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Cold War Name this Military Alliance: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made for partici24 / 30 pating countries to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country: included USA, England, France, Canada, and Western European Countries NATO Name this Military Alliance: A mutual defense treaty between eight Communist states of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War; included The _________ Movement: movement of third-world states led by India and Yugoslavia who just got their independence, that attempted to stand apart from the USA-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War Non-Aligned Another way the Cold War was fought other than Military Alliances was through Nuclear proliferation, of the advancement of nuclear weapons technology. The five countries of nuclear weapons were USA, USSR, _________, China, and France. Britain The _______________________ was the closest the Cold War came to direct armed conflict between USSR and USA. Cuban Missile Crisis The agreement that ended the Cuban Missile Crisis was a secret deal in which the United States agreed to remove missiles from ____________ in exchange for the Soviet Union removing its missiles from Cuba and pledging not to invade Cuba. Turkey The Cuban Missile Crisis lead to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was an international aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other than the five declared nuclear powers: USA, _______, Britain, China, and France USSR The Cuban Missile Crisis was in October _______. 1962 In the Cold War, there are lots of countries that had gone through decolonization and is an independent country seeking aid from either the US or _________. (Capitalists or Communists) USSR The goal of the Cold War was for each side to spread their own __________ and prevent the spread of the opposing ____________. ideology __________ wars are wars where usually larger nations will help aid the nations actually fighting the war. It is one way in which the USA and the USSR sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War Proxy Wars The Korean Conflict, ________ - ________ (years): In August 1945, the Korean Peninsula divided along the 38th parallel, creating North Korea (USSR backed) and South Korea (UN backed). North Korea invaded South Korea, and many countries thought this was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. US entered the war and fought against North Koreans (armed by China and USSR) to prevent the spread of communism. After 5 million deaths, it ended in a stalemate and borders returned to the 38th parallel. (Was a Proxy War) 1950-1953 How China became ___________: There were several rebellions in China and after the collapse of the Qing dynasty (the last major dynasty of China), Chiang Kai-shek became a nationalist leader who lead several purges of ___________ in China. Mao Zedong began growing the Chinese ___________ Party and attracted peasants because of land redistribution. They fought each other in a civil war between 1930 and 1949 only stopping to fight Japan in WWII. Mao's victory was a huge blow to the American idea of containment. Communist Mao Zedong lead the Chinese Communist Party to come to power in China after a civil war between ________-_________. 1930-1949 Once _____________ came to power in China, he followed the Stalin model and began a series of his own Five-Year Plans 25 / 30 to rebuild industry and farming. Began the Great Leap Forward in 1958. Life became worse for the average worker and famine quickly spread. Mao Zedong The ______________ was a socio-economic campaign in China lead by Mao Zedong from 1958 to 1962 aimed at rapidly transforming the country into a modern industrialized nation, resulting in widespread famine and economic chaos. Great Leap Forward ____________ rose in the 20th century because of economic inequality and class struggle which would lead to political instability. Communism ____________ leads to Communism Socialism In the _______, communism rose in Chile under President Allende, who implemented socialist policies. This led to a military coup by General Pinochet who was backed by the US government, who established a dictatorship that suppressed communism and dismantled much of Allende's policies. Pinochet's regime was criticized for human rights abuses and remained in power until 1990. His government's violent suppression of communism in Chile was seen as a victory for anti-communist forces, but came at the cost of the country's democratic institutions and human rights record. 1970s ___________ is the process of colonies achieving independence and creating their own nations. It mostly occurred after WWII. Independence usually occurred through negotiations or armed resistance. Decolonization The ______________ (INC) was the leading political party was focused on reforming India and gaining independence from Britain. It was a nationalist movement lead by Mahatma Gandhi after 1920. Indian National Congress Britain previously promised India independence prior to WWI, and still didn't get it after WWII so the movement gained more steam. Gandhi utilizes nonviolent __________________ to achieve independence from Britain. Civil Disobedience An example of Gandhi's civil disobedience was the salt march, where Indians started to sell salt from each other, breaking the British law that only the British could sell salt. Protestors were violently beaten and this was portrayed to people as British the bad guys, and India the good guys. Britain was economically and militarily weakened due to WWII and did not have resources to remain control of India. That is when India negotiated its independence from Britain in _______. 1947 Some colonies that negotiated for independence in the ___________ century include Ghana, Kenya, Malaya (now Malaysia), Sudan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and many others. twentieth Countries that fought for independence in the 20th century through armed struggle include Algeria, Angola, and __________. (There were many more, not just these three) Vietnam Vietnam's fight for Independence from _________: Post WWII ________ wanted to hold onto Vietnam for their own economic purposes, the Vietnamese were able to use guerilla warfare to throw over the French and that resulted in a split in the north and the south, north Vietnam was communist and south Vietnam was democratic. Northern Vietnam's leader wanted it all to be communist, so they started attacking the south and this is where the US stepped in to help the south and China and Russia stepped in to help the north. France ____________ warfare typically involves using hit-and-run tactics, ambushes, sabotage, and other forms of asymmetrical warfare to 26 / 30 inflict damage on the enemy and disrupt their operations, without engaging in direct and open combat. Guerilla The Vietnam War lasted between ____________-_____________. The US stepped in because they believed in the domino theory, that if one Southeast Asian country became communist, the rest would follow like dominoes. Due to the long war and the increasing anti-war sentiment in the US, the US resigned and Vietnam became one united nation under Communism. 1954-1975 Newly Independent States in the 1900s - _____________ (the country): During WWI, Zionism (a movement to return Jews to Palestine (Jerusalem is in Palestine)) began to gain momentum. After WWII and the horrors of the Holocaust, the United Nations created two Palestines, one for Jews and one for Muslims. ___________ was establish in Palestine and other Arab countries were angered by this and this lead to tensions which led to wars and terrorism such as the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and Six Day War of 1967. Israel Newly Independent States in the 1900s - _____________ (the country): Once India became free, religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims erupted, Gandhi wanted a united India where people could practice their religion freely, but the people wanted to create a separate Muslim nation. They had a meeting and partitioned India in ________, India, and East ___________ (Bangladesh). The immediate drawing of these new geographic boundaries lead to religious ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres. Pakistan Major Developments in the _____ Century: WWI Great Depression WWII Large-scale Genocides (Holocaust) Rise of fascism (Hitler) and communism (USSR) Cold War Decolonization Globalization twentiet Responses to changing power structures in the __00s included many countries to build up their militaries to record levels, some groups to to violence such as Al-Qaeda, and women took more of a role in politics through suffrage and direct protest. 19 Responses to changing power structures in the 1900s also included non-violence. ________ was one of the first to use non-violence to rally public pressure in India. Martin Luther King Jr. used the same tactics to help bring pressure on the US government to pass the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act. Gandhi Causes of the End of the_________: 1. Advances in US military and technological development 2. The Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan 3. Public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries 4. Also lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union Cold War Soviet invasion of ___________: It was a proxy war of late Cold War The goal of the USSR was to keep and expand the power of the communist Afghan government One thing that helped them was their air power with helicopters The US supported the rebels against the USSR to stop the spread Afghanistan 27 / 30 of Communism by giving them money and military supplies. The US supplied them with hand-held missiles to shoot down the Soviets helicopters which was a huge turning point in the war. Eventually, the war goes on for too long and the Soviets have to withdraw How the USSR's failure of the ____________ War lead to the end of the Cold War: 1. Was an expensive failure that helped prevent the Soviet military from closing growing technological gaps with the US army 2. Showed other nations that wanted to break away from the USSR that their army was not invincible Soviet-Afghan Ways in Which the _________ was Fought: Proxy wars, alliances (NATO & Warsaw Pact), arms races, aid to third-world countries, space race Cold War Reforms in the USSR under Mikhail Gorbachev: Began dismantling the command economy and moving toward a mixed economy with the ______ and __________ policies instituted to try and save the collapsing economy. Glasnost: Policy of openness and some political liberties such as freedom of press, lead to press being able to openly criticize the government in Russia, lead to increased protests in nations in the Soviet Bloc for rights and independence form their respective communist government Relate this to change in Russia at end of Cold War Perestroika: Policy of economic restructuring that allowed for more private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture Relate this to change in Russia at end of Cold War The ____________ ________ was a group of communist states aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by centralized, planned economies and one-party political systems. Soviet Bloc Fall of ____________: Separation between East and West Berlin, which was built to stop emigration in response to the lack of consumer goods and jobs The Cold War symbolically ended in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall By 1991, Soviet States declare their independence, Gorbachev saw a peaceful transition to democracy Result: The US will become the main global superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union Berlin Wall Result after ________________: US becomes the main global superpower after the fall of the Soviet Union Cold War New Technologies that Impacted Societies in the _________ Century: Communication: Radio, Internet, Cell Phone Energy: Petroleum, nuclear power Green Revolution in Agriculture (pesticides, hybrid crops) Medicine: vaccine, antibiotics, birth control twentieth A big continuity in technology in the twentieth century is _____________ engines for transportation and movement of goods. combustion Disease in the 20th Century: Disease that Persisted in areas of poverty: Malaria, Tuberculosis Disease with more cases because of people living longer: Heart Disease, Alzheimer's Global Pandemics like the 1918 ___________ Outbreak Influenza How _______ Relates in the 20th Century to Themes of AP World History: 28 / 30 Governance: ways governments tried to stop the spread of disease, reforms of urban areas Economic Systems: effects on long-distance trade; cost of fighting disease; public health care Social Interaction and Organization: discrimination of those accused of spreading disease: Technology and Innovation: new medicines and vaccines; polio, penicillin Disease Human Impact on the Environment in _________ century because of population growth: Deforestation, Desertification, Air/water pollution, climate change twentieth Definition of ________________: an economic system that's based on supply and demand with little to no government control. Free-Market Economy Change and Continuities in ___________ Economy: Created in 1450-1750: Mercantilist policies and practice were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim oversea territories. 1750-1900: Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to Adam Smith's theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets. 1900-Present: In a trend accelerated by the end of the cold war, many governments encourage economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in late 20th century. Free-Market Examples of ___________ Organizations Throughout History: 1450-1750: British and Dutch East Indies Companies 1750-1900: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation 1900-Present: Coca-Cola, Mahindra, Nestle, Nissan Global In the 1900s, there was an increase of the world to access to education as well as participation in new political or professional roles. Such as the right to vote given to ___________: New Zealand (1893) US (1920) Brazil (1932) Turkey (1934) India (1947) Morocco (1963) women Throughout the ______, there were environmental movements like Greenpeace. 1900s Definition of ____________: the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations. This was because of communication (cell phones), transportation (planes, high-speed trains), mass media (television), internet. Globalization Because of ___________ we see global culture, such as Olympics, Soccer, American movies. Also worldwide brands like Coca-Cola and Nike. globalization _____________ is the culture or ideology of excessive consumption of goods and services, often driven by advertising and a desire for material possessions. consumerism New International Organization in the 1900s: League of Nations: 1920-19__, 42 countries, Established after WWI United Nations: UN, 1945 - Present, 193 countries, established after WWII, security council + court of Justice 46 Question: In the twentieth century, conflicts such as the two world wars and the Cold war occurred on a global scale. Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which global conflicts led to 29 / 30 cultural or social changes during this period. Answer: The global conflicts of the twentieth century created the conditions for social change through total war, which mobilized the entire population including women, leading to the expansion of women's rights and opportunities. 30 / 30 Example Question