Fundamentals of Cell Biology, Organ Systems, and Diseases

SNC2D1 Grade 10 Science Biology Test Diffusion: the movement of fluids from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration Cell theory: -All living things are made up of one or more cells and their product -Cells is the simplest unit that can carry out all processes -All cells come from preexisting cells Prokaryote: no nucleus or other membrane: bound organelles (E-Coli) Eukaryote: has a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane (Animals/human if multicell, amoeba if single cell) Organelles Cytoplasm: suspends organelles in cells -Water, Jelly Like Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials around the cell -3D network of packets extending throughout the cell Cell wall: helps the plant take its shape -Sturdy layer containing pores Nucleus: holding genetic information and performing mitosis -Spherical structure Mitochondria: converts glucose into energy through cellular respiration with oxygen -oval jelly like structure Cell Membrane: supports cell and allows for diffusion within the cell -thin layer around the cell Chloroplast: absorbs light and converts it into energy and stores it there -looks like bricks, green, clots inside Golgi Bodies: Collect and remove materials from the cell. Expels mucus ● Strips and strands, found in stomach Vacuoles: isolating and removing waste in cell and maintaining pressure -oval structure inside the cell with a thin lining Mitosis: IPMAT Interphase: when the cell grows to the largest maturity. DNA long and stranded Prophase: double stranded chromosome, nuclear membrane splits apart. DNA shortened and thickened Metaphase: double stranded chromosomes line up in the center. Held together with spindle fibers Anaphase: the double stranded chromosomes are split evenly in half. Telophase: new nuclear wall forms to divide the two sets of identical chromosomes Cytokinesis: the process of which the cell organelles, cytoplasm, and membrane into two separate cells. Plant cells create a wall to divide the cells into 2 Chromatid: 2 identical strands of DNA that makes up chromosomes Centromere: structure that holds the chromatids together as chromosomes Chromosomes: structure containing the DNA in a cell Cell division is important because as cells get larger, their surface area to volume ratio decreases, making it harder for nutrients to get inside and support their organelles and functions. Cancer Group of cells that divide rapidly ignoring the body’s chemical reactions that tell the cell not to divide so often Caused by mutation in DNA of the cell genetics -Carcinogens: any substance that can increase the chances of cancer -Heredity: genetic causes for individuals that are more predisposed to develop cancers such as colon and breast cancer Cells that divide quickly causing a tumor that is benign will be not harmful Cells that divide quickly but are harmful are called malignant cells – cancer tumors Cancer that spreads are called a metastasis cancer Detection of cancer include: -Screening: XRay, MRI, cat scan -Testing; pap test, psa test, breast self exam Treatment: -Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor Stem Cells -Cells that are able to divide into any type of cell by changing or turning on some of the genes in the DNA to allow some functions Umbilical cord is a good source of stem cells if kept immediately after birth Embryonic tissue stem cells are used to create blood only Cellular Differentiation: directed by DNA to change the way they behave as they get older Embryonic cells can divide into any other cell while a tissue stem cell can only divide into a certain type of cell Specialized cells: cells that are specialized at performing a certain task but cannot survive without support of other cells Tissue: group of specialized cell that make up a function Organ: group of specialized tissues Organ systems: group of organs -obtain oxygen -get nutrients -reduce waste -adapt -repair, grow, change 4 main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Epithelial: skin, lining of digestive system -thin packed cells covering surfaces -protect dehydration Connective: bone, tendons, blood -Various cells and fibers held together by a single organ -support and insulation Muscle: muscles, heart, digestive system muscles -long cells that expand or contract on demand -movement Nervous: brain, nervous system -long thin cells that convey electrical currents to control the body -sensory, communication, and coordination Digestive System: takes, digests, and reduce food by creating waste Digestive Tract and accessory organs Digestive Tract: esophagus, mouth, s and l intestines, rectum, anus -covered in epithelial tissue so its smooth; -Goblet cells produce mucus to protect from acids -Muscle, nerve tissues Mouth- provides first mechanical breakdown of food -saliva breakdown of food by turning starch into sugar Esophagus: muscular tube that moves food through the tube controlled by nerves >Peristalsis Stomach: holds, churns food lined with cells that produces digestive enzymes and acids -Smooth muscles contract to mix content Small intestine: most digestion here done with smooth muscles and brings nutrients into blood vessels; water absorbs also occurs. Big intestine: larger in diameter; mainly absorbs water Rectum: stores wastes until it's time to let it go to the anus to be released Accessory organs: Liver, pancreas, gallbladder Liver: produces enzymes for digestion -gall bladder: produces bile to digest fat Pancreas: produces insulin to control blood sugar levels Circulatory System Blood, Heart, blood vessels 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Moves nutrients from digestive system throughout body Connects to lung to transport oxygen throughout body Carries wastes out of body through kidney Carries CO2 into lungs Regulates body temperature Movement of white blood cells Blood: -Red Blood Cells (Erythrocyte) -Most of all blood in body (50%) w/ no nuclei -Contains hemoglobin (protein) that transports oxygen throughout body created in bone marrow -White Blood Cell (Leukocytes) -Less than 1% of blood -Fights infections by search and destroy methods -Destroys by having it engulfed or assigns antibodies to attack -Platelets -Keeps blood from clotting (less than 1%) -becomes ruptured to release proteins to create a web to heal -Plasma -50% of blood; proteins rich fluid that allows carrying of blood cells Heart -Cardiac Muscle Tissue -Muscle only in heart; all tissues move at the same time -Nerve Tissue -Controls frequency of heartbeat -Connective Tissue -To protect heart from friction, collision etc. and made of epithelial cells Beating of the heart depends on stress, temperature, activity, and health. Blood Vessels: -Arteries -carries blood away from heart -under high pressure -large thick walls -Veins -carry blood to heart -low pressure -thin walls -have valves to suspend blood -outer on body -Capillaries -tiny and thin, cell in diameter -o2 and nutrients come in and out capillaries Circulatory Diseases Coronary Artery Disease -plaque gets deposited into vessel and blocks the flow of blood -Factors: heredity, lifestyle -Symptoms: dizziness, tiredness -diagnosed with angiogram Heart Attack -arteries completely blocked -heart receives no oxygen and begins to die -Symptoms: chest, upper body, abdominal pain, anxiety, nausea, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, tiredness. Respiratory System Gas Exchange -Alveoli intakes high concentration of O2 and diffuses them into blood through capillaries -Takes carbon dioxide out Fish Respiration -Water passes through gills which turn into usable oxygen Breathing -Diaphragm expands volume in lung to decrease pressure so air will come in to inhale -Diaphragm closes to decrease volume in lung to exhale the air Structural Features -Nose/Mouth, Trachea, bronchi, Lung -Cilia on epithelial tissue brings the mucus upwards Diseases Tuberculosis -bacterial disease that infects lung’s operations and can also move to other places -Because it can be mistaken for pneumonia on x-rays, stomach and lung secretions are frequently taken to confirm. Cancer -Tumor in lung blocking airflow -Carcinogen as major cause Sars -2003 china outbreak with flu like symptom disease Musculoskeletal system -Support body -provide movement -provide protection Tissues -Bone -hard dense matrix of Ca, P, and collagen protein -Canals inside make way for passage of blood and nerves -Not living -Ligaments -bonds bone to bone -Soft elastic tissue made of collagen -Cartilage -Dense connective lubrication tissue -Disks in spine -Specialized cell in a matrix of collagens Muscle -Bundle of long cells of muscle fiber protein that causes the tissues to contract Skeletal: voluntary muscle (attach to bones) Smooth: involuntary muscle Cardiac: heart muscle Tendons: connect muscle to bone -less elastic -only contracts and relaxes Diseases Osteoporosis -Loss of bone CA, making it fragile -Accidents and X-Ray diagnosis Animals Most are vertebrates but some are not and have exoskeletons Nervous system A dedicated network that allows messages to pass through and enable interactions Central nervous system: nerve brain and spinal cord (core nervous system) Peripheral Nervous System: nerves that carry the signal throughout the body -It sends signal about the inside and outside of body -It tells the body from the brain about what to do Neurons conduct signal with electric pulses Sensory Receptors: receive signals from the outside and tells peripheral system Stimuli Receptors: Types of signals that sensory receptors will receive Diseases -Multiple Sclerosis -Bacteria destroying the myelin in the nerve tissue when the bacteria damages the immune system -Physical trauma shocks and destroys many of the nerve cells