Colonial America - Reading Guide

Unit 2- Colonial America Required Readings  Chapter 2- The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754, p. 23-38  Chapter 3- Colonial Society in the 18th Century, p. 45-55 Supplementary readings for your reference:  America Past and Present Chapter 2, p. 28-53  America Past and Present Chapter 3, p. 54-79  America Past and Present Chapter 4, p. 80-105 Reading Assignment: Chapters 2 and 3 of AMSCO or other resource for content corresponding to Period 2. Purpose: This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained from the reading. Basic Directions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) t reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Pre-Read: Skim: Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 2: Can you identify the 13 colonies? Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. Period Overview, p.23 Consider the data in the chart at right as well as page 1 of the text when completing this section. 1. Period 2 begins with 1607 and ends in 1754. As the colonies increased in number, size, and power during this Colonial Era, the population of the eastern seaboard changed. Based on your knowledge of history and the data in the graph at right, explain three reasons for the demographic shift in the Chesapeake. (Chesapeake colonies include Virginia and Maryland)  The native population began to severally decline when the Chesapeake colonies became colonized, most of them died of disease, some of them were tortured and a lot of them were exiled. The white populations grew tremendously because of all the people coming over. The black population grew because slaves were brought over as labors. Guided Reading, pp 24-38 Asy o ur e a dt h ec h a p t e r , j o t d o wny o u rn o t e si nt h emi d d l ec o l u mn . Co n s i d e r y o u r n o t e st ob ee l a b o r a t i o n so nt h eOb j e c t i v e sa n dMa i nI d e a sp r e s e n t e di nt h el e f t c o l u mn . Wh e ny o ufi n i s ht h es e c t i o n , a n a l y z ewh a t y o ur e a db ya n s we r i n gt h eq u e s t i o ni nt h er i g h t h a n dc o l u mn . 2. Early English Settlements pp 24-26 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s Se v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r ySp a n i s h , F r e n c h , Du t c h , a n dBr i t i s h T h eEn g l i s hMo d e l , 3t y p e so f c o l o n i a l c h a r t e r s … c o l o n i z e r se mb r a c e dd i ff e r e n t  C o r p o r a t e c o l o n i e s o p e r a t e d b y j o i n t s t o c k s o c i a l a n de c o n o mi cg o a l s , c u l t u r a l a s s u mp t i o n s , a n d c o mp a n i e s f o l k wa y s , r e s u l t i n gi nv a r i e d  Ro y a l c o l o n i e s -u n d e r t h ek i n g sd i r e c t r u l e mo d e l so f c o l o n i z a t i o n .  Pr o p r i e t a r yc o l o n i e s : Un d e r t h ea u t h o r i t yo f i n d i v i d u a l swh owe r eg r a n t e dc h a r t e r so f o wn e r s h i p Sp a i ns o u g h t t oe s t a b l i s ht i g h t o f t h e k i n g c o n t r o l o v e r t h ep r o c e s so f c o l o n i z a t i o ni nt h eWe s t e r n Ea r l yEn g l i s hSe t t l e me n t s … He mi s p h e r ea n dt oc o n v e r t a n d / o r e x p l o i t t h en a t i v e  Ea r l y1 6 0 0 ’ s p o p u l a t i o n .  En g l a n dwa si nad e p r e s s i o n  Ma n yp o o rp e o p l ewe r ea t t r a c t e dt ot h e o p p o r t u n i t y ’ si nAme r i c a F r e n c ha n dDu t c hc o l o n i a l e ff o r t s  E n g l a n d f o u n d a w a y t o fi n a n c e t h i s i n v o l v e dr e l a t i v e l yf e w Eu r o p e a n sa n du s e dt r a d e J a me s t o wn … a l l i a n c e sa n di n t e r ma r r i a g ewi t h  Co r p o r a t ec o l o n i e s Ame r i c a nI n d i a n st oa c q u i r ef u r s  Vi r g i n i ac o mp a n y a n do t h e r p r o d u c t sf o r e x p o r t t o  En g l a n d ’ sfi r s t p e r me a n t s e t t l e me n t Eu r o p e .  1 6 0 7 Un l i k et h e i r Eu r o p e a n Pl y mo u t ha n dMa s s a c h u s e t t sBa y c o mp e t i t o r s , t h eEn g l i s h  Re l i g i o u smo t i v a t i o nwa st h et r u emo t i v ef o r t h e e v e n t u a l l ys o u g h t t oe s t a b l i s h n e ws e t t l e me n t s c o l o n i e sb a s e do na g r i c u l t u r e ,  T h es e t t l e me n t swe r ePl y mo u t ha n dMa s s a c h u s e t t s s e n d i n gr e l a t i v e l yl a r g en u mb e r s b a y o f me na n dwo me nt oa c q u i r e  Bo t hs e t t l e db yEn g l i s hp r o t e s t a n t s l a n da n dp o p u l a t et h e i r s e t t l e me n t s , wh i l eh a v i n g r e l a t i v e l yh o s t i l er e l a t i o n s h i p s wi t hAme r i c a nI n d i a n s . Al o n gwi t ho t h e r f a c t o r s , e n v i r o n me n t a l a n dg e o g r a p h i c a l v a r i a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n gc l i ma t ea n d n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i b u t e dt o r e g i o n a l d i ff e r e n c e si nwh a t wo u l db e c o met h eBr i t i s h c o l o n i e s . An a l y s i s Co mp a r ea n dc o n t r a s t t h eEn g l i s hmo d e l o f c o l o n i z a t i o nt ot h a t o f t h eF r e n c ha n dSp a n i s h . T h eF r e n c ha n dt h eSp a n i s hc o l o n i e swe r eb o t h c o n t r o l l e df u l l yb yt h e i r h o me l a n d sk i n gi nt h e En g l i s hc o l o n i e st h a t wa sn o t a l wa y st h ec a s e . T owh a t e x t e n t wa st h ed e f e a t o f t h eSp a n i s h Ar ma d aat u r n i n gp o i n t i nAme r i c a nh i s t o r y ? T h eSp a n i s hAr ma d awa st h eo n l yr e a s o nt h e En g l i s hwe r ea b l et os e t t l ei nAme r i c a . Wh e nt h e En g l i s hd e f e a t e dafl e e t o f Sp a n i s hs h i p si n1 5 8 8 t h e yb e c a mek n o wna sag r e a t n a v a l p o we r wh i c h a l l o we dt h e mt oc o l o n i e st h eAme r i c a s . Ex p l a i no n ep o l i t i c a l a n do n ee c o n o mi cc a u s ef o r J a me s t o wne a r l ys t r u g g l e sf o rs u r v i v a l . T h ee c o n o mi ci s s u eo f J a me s t o wnwa st h e r ewa s n ot r a d eb e t we e nt h e ma n dt h eI n d i a n ss ot h e s e t t l e r st h a ns t a r v e d . T h ep o l i t i c a l i s s u eo f J a me s t o wni st h a t t h e r ewa sn ot r a d eb e t we e nt h e I n d i a n s , s on oo n ema d ea n ymo n e yo f a n ys o r t . Co mp a r ea n dc o n t r a s t J a me s t o wna n dPl y mo u t h c o l o n i e s . J a me s t o wnwa sa n de x t r e me l yu n s u c c e s s f u l c o l o n y a swe l l a saj o i n t s t o c kc o l o n yo r i g i n a l l y , s oi t wa s s e t u pt oma k emo n e y . Pl y mo u t hc o l o n i e swe r es e t u pf o rr e l i g i o u sp u r p o s e s 3. Early Political Institutions, p 27 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s F r o mt h ev e r y Re p r e s e n t a t i v eGo v e r n me n t i nVi r g i n i a b e g i n n i n g , t h e  T o e n c o u r a g e s e t t l e r s i n J a me s t o wnt h eg o v e r n me n t ma d ei t s o c o l o n i e sb e g a n s e t t l e r sh a v et h es a mer i g h t sa sEn g l i s hc i t i z e n ’ s t a k i n gs t e p s  Co l o n i s t sa s s e mb l e dh o u s eo f Bu r g e s s e s t o wa r ds e l f r u l e . T h ed e v e l o p me n t o f c o l o n i a l p o l i t i c a l s y s t e ms c o n t r i b u t e dt ot h e Re p r e s e n t a t i v eGo v e r n me n t i nNe wEn g l a n d d e v e l o p me n t o f Ame r i c a ni d e n t i t y  I n1 6 2 0t h ep i l g r i msma d et h eMa y fl o we r Co mp a c t a n dwo u l dl a t e r  T h ema y fl o we r c o mp a c t s e t u pa ne a r l yf o r mo f c o l o n i a l s e l f c a u s ec o n fl i c t wi t h g o v e r n me n t Gr e a t Br i t a i n . An a l y s i s Co mp a r ea n dc o n t r a s t t h ep o l i t i c a l d e v e l o p me n t o f Vi r g i n i at ot h a t o f Ne wEn g l a n d . Ar et h e ymo r e s i mi l a r o r d i ff e r e n t ? T h e ya r ev e r ys i mi l a r b u t t h e yb e c a meo f d i ff e r e n t wa y s .Th e yb o t hh a v es ma l l g o v e r n me n t ss e t u p . Vi r g i n i ah a dt h eHo u s eo f Bu r g e s s e sa n dEn g l a n d h a dT h eMa y fl o we r Co mp a c t . Th e yb o t hh a dl i mi t sa s we l l a si nwh oc o u l dp r e t i c a p a t e . L i mi t st oCo l o n i a l De mo c r a c y  Mo s t c o l o n i s t swe r ee x c l u d e df r o mt h ep o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s  On l ywh i t ema l ep r o p e r t yo wn e r sc o u l dv o t e  4. The Chesapeake Colonies, pp 27-29 Ke y Co n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s Al o n gwi t h o t h e rf a c t o r s , e n v i r o n me n t a l a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l v a r i a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g c l i ma t ea n d n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i b u t e dt o r e g i o n a l d i ff e r e n c e si n wh a t wo u l d b e c o met h e Br i t i s h c o l o n i e s . Re l i g i o u si s s u e si nMa r y l a n d …  L o r dBa l t i mo r ed i e db e f o r et h ek i n gc o u l dr e a c hh i sg o a l s Ac t o f T o l e r a t i o n …  T h i sa c t c a l l e df o rr e l i g i o u sf r e e d o mo f a l l Ch r i s t i a n s T h eBr i t i s h – Ame r i c a n s y s t e mo f s l a v e r y d e v e l o p e do u t o f t h e e c o n o mi c , d e mo g r a p h i c , a n d g e o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h eBr i t i s h c o n t r o l l e d r e g i o n so f t h e Ne wWo r l d . Pr o t e s t a n t Re v o l t …  T h e r ewa sab r i e f c i v i l wa r t h a t h a p p e n e dt h ep r o t e s t a n t swo n , a n dt h e a c t o f t o l e r a t i o nwa sr e v o k e d An a l y s i s Ex p l a i nh o wc u l t u r a l i n t e r a c t i o n sb e t we e n c o l o n i z i n gg r o u p s , Af r i c a n s , a n dAme r i c a n I n d i a n si nt h ec o l o n i a l e r ai mp a c t e dt h e d e v e l o p me n t o fAme r i c a nc o l o n i a l i d e n t i t y . Af r i c a n swe r eu s e da sl a b o r sa n dwe r ev e r y i mp o r t a n t t ot h ee c o n o my L a b o r Sh o r t a g e s …  T h e r ewe r ema n ys h o r t a g e so f l a b o r si nVi r g i n i aa n dMa r y l a n d . L a n d o wn e r ss a wg r e a t o p p o r t u n i t i e sf o r t h i sl a n d . I n d e n t u r e dSe r v a n t s …  T h e s es e r v a n t swe r en o r ma l l ys e t t owo r kf o r 4t o7y e a r s . Th es e r v a n t s wo r k e di ne x c h a n g ef o r ap l a c et ol i v ea n df o o d . He a d r i g h t Sy s t e m…  Vi r g i n i aa t t e mp t e dt og e t i mmi g r a n t s . Th e yo ff e r e di mmi g r a n t sl a n d a mo n go t h e r t h i n gf o rc o mi n gt ot h ec o l o n y Sl a v e r y …  I n1 6 1 9aDu t c hs h i pb r o u g h t o v e r s l a v e sf r o mAf r i c at oVi r g i n i a . Th e y t h e nwo r ka sl a b o r sa n da f t e r d e c i s i o n si nt h eh o u s eo f Bu r g a g e ss l a v e s c h i l d r e nwe r el a b o r st o o . Ec o n o mi cPr o b l e ms …  T a b a c op r i c e swe r el o wa n dt h a t l e a dt ofi n i c a l t r o u b l e Co n fl i c ti nVi r g i n i a …  Si r Wi l l i a mBe r k e l e ya c t e da sad i c t a t o r a n da n t a g o n i z e ds ma l l f a r me r s Ba c o n ’ sRe b e l l i o n … I d e n t i f yt h ema j o rc a u s e sf o r t h ee s t a b l i s h me n t o f s l a v e r yi nt h eWe s t e r nAt l a n t i cWo r l d ?Wh i c ho f t h o s ewa st h emo s t s i g n i fi c a n t , wh y ? T h emo s t Si g n i a n t c a u s eo f s l a v e r yi nt h e We s t e r nAt l a n t i cwo r l dwa st h en e e df o rl a b o r s Ba c o nc h a l l e n g e dBe r k e l e y ’ sg o v e r n me n t . Be r k l e yp u t d o wnt h er e b e l l i o n t h r o u g hb r u t a l e x e c u t i o n  L a s t i n gPr o b l e ms …  T h e r ewa sas h a r pc l a s sd i ff e r e n c eb e t we e nwe a l t h yl a n do wn e r sa n d o t h e r s 5. Development of New England, pp 29-31 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s An a l y s i s Al o n gwi t ho t h e r f a c t o r s , Rh o d eI s l a n d e n v i r o n me n t a l a n d  T h er e l i g i o u sd i ff e r e n c e si nc o l o n i e sl e a dt ot h ee s t a b l i s h me n t o f g e o g r a p h i c a l Rh o d eI s l a n d v a r i a t i o n s ,  Ro g e r Wi l l i a mswa sg r a n t e dac h a r t e r wh i c ha l l o we dh i mt oc o mb i n e i n c l u d i n gc l i ma t e p r o v i d e n c ea n dp o r t s mi t ht oo n ec o l o n yo f Ph o n eI s l a n d a n dn a t u r a l  T h i sc o l o n ywa sf r e er e l i g i o n r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i b u t e dt o Co n n e c t i c u t r e g i o n a l d i ff e r e n c e si nwh a t wo u l db e c o met h e  Se t t l e r swh o mwe r eu n h a p p ywi t hma c h a c s i t sc a meh e r e Br i t i s hc o l o n i e s .  T h ef u n d a me n t a l o r d e r so f Co n n e c t i c u t we r ewr i t t e ni n1 6 3 9i t  I d e n t i f yt h ec a u s e so f t h es o u r c e so f d i s c o r di n e a r l yNe wEn g l a n d ?Wh i c ho n e swe r et h emo s t t h r e a t e n i n ga n dt owh a t e x t e n t we r et h e yh a n d l e d c o r r e c t l y ? T h e r ewe r emu l t i p l ec a u s e so f d i s c o r df r o m r e l i g i o u sd i ff e r e n c e st owa r s . Th emo s t t r e a t i n go n e wa sKi n gPh i l l i p swa r . Th i swa rwa sc h a l l e n g e d wi t hTh en e wEn g l a n dc o n f e d e r a t i o n . e s t a b l i s h e dar e p r e s e n t e dg o v e r n me n t Co n n e c t i c u t wa sg i v e nar o y a l c h a r t e r t og o v e r ni t s e l f Ne wHa mp s h i r e  L a s t t ob ef o u n d e di nn e wEn g l a n d  Or i g i n a l l yp a r t o f Ma s c u t i sb a y  I t b e c a mear o y a l c o l o n y Ha l f wa yCo v e n a n t   Me mb e r sh a dt oc o n v e r t Ne wv e r s i o no f p u r i t a nb e l i e f s Cl a s h e sb e t we e n Eu r o p e a na n d Ame r i c a nI n d i a n Ne wEn g l a n dCo n f e d e r a t i o n s o c i a l a n d e c o n o mi cv a l u e s  Mi l i t a r ya l l i a n c eo f s o meo f t h ec o l o n y ’ s c a u s e dc h a n g e si n  Pl y mo u t h , Ma s s a c h u s e t t sBa y , Co n n e c t i c u t , a n dn e wHa v e nwe r e b o t hc u l t u r e s . a l l p a r t o f i t  T op r o t e c t a g a i n s t Ame r i c a nI n d i a n sDu t c ha n dF r e n c h Ki n gPh i l i p ’ sWa r   Ki n gPh i l i pwa sa nI n d i a nl e a d e r Co l o n i a l f o r c e swo nt h ewa r k i l l i n gKi n gPh i l i pa n dmo s t o f t h e Ame r i c a nI n d i a n s 6. Restoration Colonies, pp 31-35 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s Th eCa r o l i n a s … Al o n gwi t ho t h e r  Ch a r l e st h eI I g r a n t e dt h eCa r o l i n a st o8n o b l e s f a c t o r s , So u t hCa r o l i n a … e n v i r o n me n t a l a n d An a l y s i s T owh a t e x t e n t d i dt h eEn g l i s hCi v i l Wa r s e r v ea sat u r n i n g p o i n t f o r t h ec o l o n i e si nAme r i c a , wh a t we r et h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sb e f o r ea n da f t e rt h a t t i mep e r i o d ? T h et u r n i n gp o i n t wa st h a t t h er e l i g i o ng o t l e s ss t r i c t g e o g r a p h i c a l v a r i a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n gc l i ma t e a n dn a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i b u t e dt o r e g i o n a l d i ff e r e n c e si nwh a t wo u l db e c o met h e Br i t i s hc o l o n i e s .   Or i g i n a l l ye c o n o mywa ss u p p o r t e db yf u rt r a d ea n d p r o v i d i n gf o o df o rt h ewe s t i n d i e s t h Byt h e1 8c e n t u r ys l a v e swe r ewo r k i n gt h er i c e p l a n t a t i o n st h e r e a n ds u c h . No r t hCa r o l i n a …    Sma l l s e l f s u ffic i e n t t o b a c c of a r ms F e wg o o dh a r b o r sp o o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n L e s sr e l i a n c eo ns l a v e r yt h a nt h es o u t h Ne wY o r k  Es t a b l i s h e db yt h eDu k eo f Yo r k Co mp a r ea n dc o n t r a s t t h eMi d d l eCo l o n i e sa n d  Ma n yn e wt a x e swe r eo r d e r e dt ot h ec o l o n y So u t h e r nCo l o n i e sd u r i n gt h eRe s t o r a t i o ne r a .  T a x a t i o na g n i s t r e p r e s e n t a t i o nwa ss t r o n gi nn e wY o r k T h eMi d d l ec o l o n i e swe r el e s sr e l i a n t o ns l a v e r y, t h e Ne wJ e r s e y a l s oh a dmo r er e l i g i o u sf r e e d o m  Al l o we dr e l i g i o u sf r e e d o ma n da s e mb e l y  Th ep e o p l ei np o we r c h a n g e do f t e n  Th et woj e r s e y sc o mb i n e di n t oo n ej e r s e y Pe n n s y l v a n i aa n dDe l a wa r e …  We s t o f n e wj e r s e y Qu a k e r s …  Pe a c el o v i n gCh r i s t i a nr e l i g i o n  No n v i o l e n c e  Qu a k e r so f En g l a n dwe r ep r o s e c u t e d Wi l l i a mPe n n …  F o u n d e r o f Pe n n s y l v a n i a  Qu a k e r c o n v e r t “ Ho l yEx p e r i me n t ” …  Pe n n s y l v a n i awa sme a n t t ob eas a f eh a v e nf o r t h e r e l i g i o u sp r o s e c u t e d  Th i sa t t r a c t e dma n ys e t t l e r st ot h el a n d De l a wa r e …  De l a wa r eb e c a meas e p a r a t ec o l o n yf o r m Pe n n s y l v a n i au n t i l t h er e v o l u t i o ne v e nt h o u g ht h e y h a v et h es a meg o v n e r Ge o r g i a : Th eL a s t Co l o n y …  Or i g i n a l l yad e f e n s eb u ff e r f o rt h eCa r o l i n a s Sp e c i a l Re g u l a t i o n s …  Re g u l a t i o n so nb e e r r u ma n ds l a v e r y Ro y a l Co l o n y …  Ge o r g i ab e c a mear o y a l c o l o n y  Th eg o v e r n me n t a d o p t e dt h ep l a n t i o ns y s t e m 7. Mercantilism and the Empire, pp 35-37 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s An a l y s i s T h ei n c r e a s i n g Me r c a n t i l i s ma n dt h eEmp i r e … p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o mi c , a n d  Go v e r n me n t sr e g u l a t et r a d ea n dp r o d u c t c u l t u r a l  Co l o n i e swe r et op r o v i d er a wma t e r i a l st op a r e n t c o u n t r y e x c h a n g e swi t h i n  C o l o n i e s e x i s t e d f o e t h e s o l e p u r p o s e t o p r o v i d ef o r t h e t h e“ At l a n t i c p a r e n t c o u n t r y Wo r l d ” h a da p r o f o u n di mp a c t Ac t so f T r a d ea n dNa v i g a t i o n … o nt h e d e v e l o p me n t o f c o l o n i a l s o c i e t i e s  T r a d et oa n df r o mt h ec o l o n i e sc o u l do n l yb ec a r r i e di n i nNo r t hAme r i c a . En g l i s ho r c o l o n i a l b u i l t s h i p sa n dc o u l do n l yb en a v i g a t e d   I d e n t i f yt h ec a u s e sa n dmo t i v a t i o n so f t h eBr i t i s h me r c a n t i l es y s t e m. Wh i c ho n ei smo s t s i g n i fi c a n t ?Wh y ? Th ema i nc a u s ewa st h eBr i t i s hwa n t e dt oma k e l o t so f mo n e yo fft h i r c o l o n i e sa n dt h ywa n t e dt o e n s u r et h a t n oo n ee l s ema d et h emo n e yo fft h e c o l o n y ’ s . b yEn g l i s ho rc o l o n i a l c r e ws Al l g o o d si mp o r t e di n t ot h ec o l o n i e se x c e p t af e wh a dt o p a s st h r uEn g l a n d Sp e c i a l “ e n u me r a t e d ”g o o d ss u c ha sT a b a c oc o u l do n l y b ei mp o r t e dt oEn g l a n d “ At l a n t i cWo r l d ” c o mme r c i a l , r e l i g i o u s , I mp a c t o nt h eCo l o n i e s … p h i l o s o p h i c a l , a n d  T h en a v i g a t i o na c t sh e l p e dt h ec o l o n y ’ si ns o mewa y sb u t p o l i t i c a l i no t h e r st h e ywe r ep o i n t l e s sa n dn e g a t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n s  T h ec o l o n i e swo u l dh a v eb e e nEn g l a n d ’ sma i nt r a d i n g a mo n g p a r t n e ra n y wa y Eu r o p e a n s ,  T h e r e s t r i c t i o n s l i m i t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d f o r c e d f a r m e r s Af r i c a n s , a n d t oe x c e p t l o wp r i c e sf o r t h e i r c r o p s Ame r i c a nn a t i v e  Co l o n i s t sg r e wr e s e n t f u l a n ds t a t e dt on o t wa n t t ot o l e r a t e p e o p l e s t h i s s t i mu l a t e d e c o n o mi cg r o wt h , e x p a n d e ds o c i a l E n f o r c e me n t o f t h eAc t s … n e t wo r k s , a n d  Mo s t t i me sEn g l a n dwa sl a xi ne n f o r c i n gt h e i r l a ws r e s h a p e dl a b o r  So me t i me st h e ywo u l dma k eab i gd e a l a b o u t p u t t i n g s y s t e ms . Ex p l a i nt h ep o l i t i c a l , e c o n o mi c , a n dc u l t u r a l i mp a c t o f t h eBr i t i s hme r c a n t i l es y s t e m. Th ep o l i t i c a l i mp a c t wa st h ec o l o n i e swe r en o t a l l o we dt ot r a d ewi t ho t h e r c o u n t r y ’ st og r o wt h e i r p o l i t i c a l s t a t u sa n dma k ea l l i e s . T h ee c o n o mi c s i d ei st h a t t h ec o l o n y ’ sd i dn o t ma k emu c h mo n e yf a r me r sa n do t h e r ss u ff e r e d . Th ec u l t u r a l i mp a c t wa st h ef a c t t h ec o l o n y ’ sl o s t t h ea b i l i t yt o s e l f g o v e r n . d o wnu p r i s i n g s  T h e yr e v o k e dt h eMa s s a c h u s e t t sb a yc h a r t e db e c a u s ei t Br i t a i n ’ sd e s i r et o wa st h ec e n t e ro f s mu g g l i n g ma i n t a i nav i a b l e No r t hAme r i c a n h eDo mi n i o no f Ne wEn g l a n d … e mp i r ei nt h ef a c e T o f g r o wi n gi n t e r n a l  Ki n gJ a me sI I c o mb i n e dNe wY o r kNe wJ e r s e ya n dt h e c h a l l e n g e sa n d o t h e r c o l o n i e si n t ot h ed o mi n i o no f Ne wEn g l a n d e x t e r n a l  An e wg o v e r nwa sp u t i np l a c eh ewa sv e r yu n p o p u l a r h e c o mp e t i t i o n l e v i e dt a x e sa n dt o o ka wa yt h e i ra b i l i t yt og o v e r n i n s p i r e de ff o r t st o t h e ms e l v e s s t r e n g t h e ni t s  Wh e nk i n gJ a me swa sr e v o l t e da g i n s t e da n dt h et h r o n e i mp e r i a l c o n t r o l , wa st a k e no v e r t h ed o mi n i o nwa sr e v o k e da n dt h e s t i mu l a t i n g c h a r t e r swe r eb a c ki np l a y i n c r e a s i n g r e s i s t a n c ef r o m c o l o n i s t swh oh a d P e r ma n e n t Re s t r i c t i o n s … g r o wn  Me r c a n t i l i s t p o l i c yr e ma i n e d a c c u s t o me dt oa  T h e r ewe r emo r eEn g l i s ho ffic i a l si nt h ec o l o n y ’ st h a ne v e r l a r g eme a s u r eo f  L a r g er e s i s t a n c eo nt r a d er e s t r i c t o r s a u t o n o my . 8. The Institution of Slavery p.37-38 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s T h eBr i t i s h– I n c r e a s e dDe ma n df o rSl a v e s … Ame r i c a n s y s t e mo f  Re d u c e dmi g r a t i o n : t h ei n c r e a s e si nwa g e si nEn g l a n d s l a v e r y r e d u c e dt h es u p p l yo f i mmi g r a n t si nt h ec o l o n y ’ s d e v e l o p e do u t o f  T h el a b o r f o r c ewa sd e p e n d a b l ei t s t a b i l i z e d t h ee c o n o mi c ,  Ch e e pl a b o r : T a b a c op r i c e sf e l l a n di n d i g oa n dr i c eb e c a me d e mo g r a p h i c , t h emo r ep r o fi t a b l ec r o p . T og r o wt h i sy o un e e d e dt ob e a n dg e o g r a p h i c s o me wh a t s k i l l e dwh i c hmo s t we r e n ’ t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f t h eBr i t i s h c o n t r o l l e d r e g i o n so f t h e Ne wWo r l d . Sl a v eL a ws …  Co l o n i s t sa d o p t e dl a wst oma k es u r et h a t s l a v e sa n dt h e i r c h i l d r e nwo u l db eh e l db o n d a g ef o r l i f e  Wo me nwe r en o t a l l o we dt oma r r yAf r i c a nme n  So o nt r e a t i n gb l a c k sa sl e s s e r b e c o men o r ma l T r i a n g u l a r T r a d e …  Af r i c a ns l a v et r a d ewa smo n o p o l i z e db yr o y a l Af r i c a n c o mp a n y  Ru mwa ss h i p p e dt oAf r i c af o r h u n d r e d so f Af r i c a ns l a v e s t h e nt h es l a v e swo u l dg ot h r o u g ht h emi d d l ep a s s a g ea n di f t h e ys u r v i v e dt h a t t h e ywo u l db es o l da ss l a v e st oc o l o n i s t s An a l y s i s T owh a t e x t e n t d i dAf r i c a ns l a v e r yd i ff e r r e g i o n a l l yi n e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r yNo r t hAme r i c a ? T h es l a v e r ywa sh e a v e r i nt h es o u t ht h a nt h emi d d l ea n d n o r t h e r nc o l o n y ’ s . Th es o u t hg r e wmo r ec a s hc r o p ss o t h e yn e e d e dmo r es l a v e s 9. Explain the HIPP of the primary sources below. Source: Letter written by John Rolfe on his decision to marry Pocahontas, in a letter to Sir Thomas Dale, governor of Virginia, 1614, Smithsonian Let therefore this my well advised protestation . . . condemn me herein, if my chiefest intent and purpose be not, to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking of so mighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man’s weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnal affection: but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our country, for the glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas. . . . Shall I be of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right way? Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the hungry? or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked? Shall I despise to actuate these pious duties of a Christian? Shall the base fears of displeasing the world, overpower and withhold me from revealing unto man these spiritual works of the Lord, which in my meditations and prayers, I have daily made known unto him? God forbid. . . . Now if the vulgar sort, who square all men’s actions by the base rule of their own filthiness, shall tax or taunt me in this my godly labour: let them know, it is not any hungry appetite, to gorge my self with incontinency; sure (if I would, and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared conscience, yet with Christians more pleasing to the eye, and less fearful in the offence unlawfully committed. H: This was written in 1614, at this time settlers were first coming to north america they were ineracting with native american tribes and making clamis to the land. I: The adudience was the govner of Virgina P: the puropse was to inform pepole including the govner that he was marring Phocahunts a native American. And to convice them to let him do so. P: The authors point of view is, he is a settler who wants to marry a native American and that is unchristain as it seems from the document. : HIPP+: Hi s t o r i c a l Co n t e x t : I n t e n d e dAu d i e n c e : Au t h o r ’ sP u r p o s e : Au t h o r ’ sP o i n t o f Vi e w: + Ot h e r Co n t e x t ( s i mi l a r i nk i n d , f r o mad i ff e r e n t t i me ) : So u r c e : Du t c hmi s s i o n a r yJ o h nMe g a p o l e n s i so nt h eMo h a wk s( I r o q u o i s ) , 1 6 4 4 , Smi t h s o n i a n (John became the town’s first pastor at Fort Orange (near Albany). As pastor he was not allowed to farm or trade, but received support from the town, while diligently performing his duties, which included teaching the Indians about Christ.) The Women are obliged to prepare the Land, to mow, to plant, and do every Thing; the Men do nothing except hunting, fishing, and going to War against their Enemies: they treat their Enemies with great Cruelty in Time of War, for they first bite off the Nails of the Fingers of their Captives, and cut off some joints, and sometimes the whole of the Fingers; after that the Captives are obliged to sing and dance before them . . ., and finally they roast them before a slow Fire for some Days, and eat them. . . . Though they are very cruel to their Enemies, they are very friendly to us: we are under no Apprehensions from them. . . . They are entire Strangers to all Religion, but they have a Tharonhijouaagon, (which others also call Athzoockkuatoriaho) i.e. a Genius which they put in the Place of God, but they do not worship or present Offerings to him: they worship and present Offerings to the Devil whom they call Otskon or Airekuoni. . . . They have otherwise no Religion: when we pray they laugh at us; some of them despise it entirely, and some when we tell them what we do when we pray, stand astonished. When we have a Sermon, sometimes ten or twelve of them, more or less, will attend, each having a long Tobacco Pipe, made by himself, in his Month, and will stand a while and look, and afterwards ask me what I was doing and what I wanted, that I stood there alone and made so many Words, and none of the rest might speak? I tell them I admonished the Christians, that they must not steal, . . . get drunk, or commit Murder, and that they too ought not to do these Things, and that I intend after a while to preach to them. . . . They say I do well in teaching the Christians, but immediately add Diatennon jawij Assyreoni hagiouisk, that is, why do so many Christians do these Things. They call us Assyreoni, that is, Cloth-Makers, or Charistooni, that is, Iron-Workers, because our People first brought Cloth and Iron among them... HAPP+: Hi s t o r i c a l Co n t e x t : I n t e n d e dA u d i e n c e : Au t h o r ’ sP u r p o s e : Au t h o r ’ sP o i n t o f Vi e w: + Ot h e r Co n t e x t ( s i mi l a r i nk i n d , f r o mad i ff e r e n t t i me ) : 10. Create a map of the 13 Colonies. Recommendations: label colonies, use color to illustrate the three colonial regions, create a key, and write a caption summarizing the significance of the map. Massachusetts Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Virginia North Carolina Georgia New France New Hampshire Rhode Island New Jersey Delaware Maryland South Carolina New Spain Maine (part of Massachusetts – not a colony) Vermont (part of New York and disputed with New Hampshire Key NEW ENGLAND (Northern Colonies) MIDDLE COLONIES SOUTHERN COLONIES Caption: Food for Thought: L i k et h er e s t o f u s , y o up r o b a b l yb o u g h t t h eo l ’ Th i r t e e nCo l o n i e ss t o r y , b u t i t ’ sn o t a na c c u r a t ed e p i c t i o no f c o l o n i a l Ame r i c af o r mo s t o f i t sh i s t o r y . I n1 6 0 6Ki n g J a me sI c h a r t e r e dj u s t t woc o mp a n i e st os e t t l eNo r t hAme r i c a , t h eVi r g i n i aCo mp a n yo f L o n d o na n dt h ePl y mo u t hCo mp a n y .Ass e t t l e me n t swe r ef o u n d e d , e a c hn e wc i t ywa sr e c o g n i z e da si t so wnc o l o n y : f o r e x a mp l e , Co n n e c t i c u t a c t u a l l yc o n t a i n e d5 0 0d i s t i n c t “ c o l o n i e s ” ( o r “ p l a n t a t i o n s ” ) b e f o r et h e ywe r eme r g e d i n t oas i n g l ec o l o n yi n1 6 6 1 . So me t i me sc o l o n i e swe r ema s h e dt o g e t h e r i n t ome g a c o l o n i e s , l i k et h es h o r t l i k e d , s u p e r u n p o p u l a rDo mi n i o no f Ne wEn g l a n d , wh i c hi n c o r p o r a t e dMa s s a c h u s e t t s , Rh o d eI s l a n d , Co n n e c t i c u t , Ne wHa mp s h i r e , a n dMa i n ef r o m1 6 8 6t o1 6 9 1 , p l u sNe wY o r ka n dNe wJ e r s e yf r o m1 6 8 8t o 1 6 9 1f o r g o o dme a s u r e . Co l o n i e sa l s os p l i t , l i k eMa s s a c h u s e t t s , wh i c hs p a wn e dNe wHa mp s h i r ei n1 6 7 9 . An ds o mec o l o n i e swe r e n ’ t r e a l l yc o l o n i e sa t a l l : wh i l e i t ’ so f t e nl i s t e da so n eo f t h eTh i r t e e nCo l o n i e st h a t r e b e l l e di n1 7 7 5 , De l a wa r ewa s n ’ t t e c h n i c a l l yac o l o n yo r ap r o v i n c e . De s i g n a t e d“ t h eL o we r Co u n t i e so nt h e De l a wa r e , ” i t h a di t so wna s s e mb l yb u t f e l l u n d e r t h ea u t h o r i t yo f t h eg o v e r n o r o f P e n n s y l v a n i au n t i l i t d e c l a r e di t s e l f a ni n d e p e n d e n t s t a t ei nAu g u s t 1 7 7 6 . So t e c h n i c a l l y , t h e r ewe r ej u s t 1 2c o l o n i e si n1 7 7 5a n d1 3s t a t e si n1 7 7 6 . ( So u r c e : T h eMe n t a l F l o s sHi s t o r yo f t h eUn i t e dSt a t e s , Er i kSa s s , 2 0 1 0 ) Guided Reading, pp 45-55 11. Population Growth pp 45-46 Ke yConc e pt s& Ma i nI de a s Re g i o na l d i ffe r e nc e s d e v e l op e di nt heBr i t i s h c ol on i e sduet oma ny f a c t o r s , o f t e nc r e a t i n g c on fli c t . Not e s Ana l y s i s Po p u l a t i o nGr o wt h … L i s t 3ma i nr e a s onsEur op e a nsc a met ot heNe w Wor l d. Eu r o p e a nI mmi g r a n t s … 1 . 2 . Eur op e a nc ol on i z a t i on e ffor t si nNor t hAme r i c a En g l i s h … s t i mul a t e di n t e r c ul t ur a l c on t a c t . Ge r ma n … 3 . L i s t 3ma i nd i ffe r e nc e sbe t we e nt heGe r ma na nd Sc o t s I r i s hi mmi gr a n t s . 1 . Sc o t s I r i s h … 2 . 3 . Ot h e rEu r o p e a n s … Af r i c a n s … Ex pl a i n2r e a s onst heAf r i c a ni mmi gr a n t sd i ffe r e d f r o mt h eot he rgr oups . 1 . 2 . 12. The Structure of Colonial Society, p 47 Ke yConc e pt s& Ma i nI de a s Not e s Cul t ur a l di v e r s i t y Ge n e r a l Ch a r a c t e r i s t i c s … c on t r i bu t e dt ot he d e v e l op me nt of r e gi ona l l f Go v e r n me n t … d i ffe r e nc e sa swe l l Se a sane wi de nt i t y . Ana l y s i s L i s tt h r e ema j orwa y si de nt i t ya ndwa yof l i f ei n t h ec ol on i e sdi ffe r e df r omEngl a nd. 1 . 2 . 3 . Re l i g i o u sT o l e r a t i o n … NoHe r e d i t a r yAr i s t o c r a c y … L i s tt h r e ewa y sc ol on i a l s oc i e t ydi ffe r e df r om mod e r nda ys oc i e t y . 1 . So c i a l Mo b i l i t y … 2 . 3 . T h eF a mi l y … Me n … Wo me n … 13. The Economy, p48 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s An a l y s i s Al o n gwi t ho t h e r T h eEc o n o my … f a c t o r s , e n v i r o n me n t a l a nd g e og r a ph i c a l v a r i a t i o n s , i n c l udi n g c l i ma t ea n dn a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i bu t e dt o r e gi o na l d i ffe r e n c e s . Howd i dBr i t a i ni nflu e nc et hed e v e l op i n gc ol on i a l e c ono my ? Ne wEn g l a n d … Al o n gwi t ho t h e r f a c t o r s , e n v i r o n me n t a l a nd g e og r a ph i c a l v a r i a t i o n s , i n c l udi n g Mi d d l eCo l o n i e s … c l i ma t ea n dn a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c o n t r i bu t e dt o r e gi o na l d i ffe r e n c e s . Wh a td oa l l t hr e er e gi onsh a v ei nc ommon e c ono mi c a l l y ? Howd i dt r a ns por t a t i oni mpa c t c ol on i a l r e gi ons d i ffe r e nt l y ? So u t h e r nCo l o n i e s … Mo n e t a r ySy s t e m… T r a n s p o r t a t i o n … 14. Religion, pp 49-50 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s Br i t a i n’ sde s i r et o Re l i g i o n … ma i nt a i nav i a b l e Nor t hAme r i c a n e mpi r ei nt hef a c eof gr o wi ngi nt e r na l c ha l l e n ge sa nd Ch a l l e n g e s … An a l y s i s Ex p l a i nwh yt h e r ewa ss omu c hc o n fl i c t b e t we e na n da mo n gs oma n yr e l i g i o u s g r o u p s . e x t e r na l c o mp e t i t i on i ns p i r e de ffor t st o s t r e ngt h e ni t s i mpe r i a l c o nt r ol , s t i mul a t i ng Es t a b l i s h e dCh u r c h e s … i nc r e a s i ng r e s i s t a nc ef r om c ol on i s t swhoh a d gr o wna c c u s t o me d t oal a r geme a s ur eof T h eGr e a t Awa k e n i n g … a ut o no my . De f e n dt h ef o l l o wi n gs t a t e me n t wi t h3p i e c e s o f e v i d e n c e : T h es p i r i t o f r e b e l l i o n r e s p o n s i b l ef o r t h eAme r i c a nRe v o l u t i o n b e g a ni nt h eFi r s t Gr e a t A wa k e n i n g . J o n a t h a nEd wa r d s … 1 . Ge o r g eWh i t e fi e l d … 2 . Re l i g i o u sI mp a c t … 3 . Po l i t i c a l I n fl u e n c e … 15. Cultural Life, pp 50-53 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s No t e s An a l y s i s Ma n yf a c t or s c o n t r i bu t e dt o r e gi o na l d i ffe r e n c e s . Cu l t u r a l L i f e … Ho w“ Ame r i c a n ” wa sc o l o n i a l a r t ? T owh a t e x t e n t d o e si t i l l u s t r a t et h e d e v e l o p me n t o f an e w/ d i ff e r e n t s o c i e t y ? Ov e rt i met he c o l o n i e sb e ga nt o d e v e l opun i q u e i de n t i t y . Ac h i e v e me n t si nt h eAr t sa n dSc i e n c e s … Ar c h i t e c t u r e … Pa i n t i n g … Br i t a i n ’ sd e s i r et o ma i n t a i nav i a b l e No r t hAme r i c a n e mp i r ei nt h ef a c eof g r o wi ngi nt e r n a l c h a l l e ng e sa n d e x t e r na l c o mp e t i t i o n i n s p i r e de ffo r t st o s t r e n gt he ni t s i mp e r i a l c o nt r o l , s t i mu l a t i ngi n c r e a s i n g r e s i s t a nc ef r o m c o l o n i s t swh oha d g r o wna c c us t ome dt o al a r geme a s u r eo f a u t o n o my . L i t e r a t u r e … Sc i e n c e … Ed u c a t i o n … El e me n t a r yEd u c a t i o n … Co mp a r et h ei mp o r t a n c ea n d o p p o r t u n i t yo f e d u c a t i o ni nt h eNo r t ht o t h a t i nt h eSo u t h . Wh ywe r et h e s et wo r e g i o n ss od i ff e r e n t wh e ni t c a met o e d u c a t i o n ? Hi g h e r Ed u c a t i o n … Mi n i s t r y … Co mp a r et h es o c i a l h i e r a r c h yo f mi n i s t e r s , d o c t o r s , a n dl a wy e r si nt h e c o l o n i a l e r at ot h emo d e r ne r a . Wh yt h e c h a n g e ? Ph y s i c i a n s … L a wy e r s … Th ePr e s s … Ne ws p a p e r s … L i s t / De s c r i b et h r e ewa y st h ep r e s s i n fl u e n c e dt h ed e v e l o p me n t o f t h e Ame r i c a ni d e n t i t y . 1 . Th eZ e n g e r Ca s e … 2 . Ru r a l Fo l k wa y s … 3 . T h ep ol i t i c a l t ho ug ht o f t h eEnl i gh t e nme n t a n dg r e a t e rr e l i gi o us i n de p e nd e nc ea n d d i v e r s i t yc r e a t e d c o n fli c tb e t we e n Br i t a i na n dh e r c o l o n i e s . Th eEn l i g h t e n me n t … Ho wd i dt h eEn l i g h t e n me n t t h r e a t e nt h e En g l i s he mp i r e ? Eme r g e n c eo f aNa t i o n a l Ch a r a c t e r … Ov e rt i met he c o l o n i e sb e ga nt o d e v e l opun i q u e i de n t i t y . 16. Politics, pp 54-55 Ke yCo n c e p t s& Ma i nI d e a s T h ei nc r e a s i n g p o l i t i c a l , e c on omi c , a n dc u l t ur a l e x c ha n ge swi t h i nt h e “ At l a n t i cWo r l d ”ha da p r of o undi mp a c t on t hede v e l o pme nt of c o l o n i a l s oc i e t i e si n No t e s An a l y s i s Po l i t i c s … Ex pl a i nh owa ndwh yc ol on i e so ft he wor l d’ smo s t p owe r f ul e mpi r ede v e l o p e d u ni que , i n d e pe nd e n ts y s t e mof g ov e r ni ng. St r u c t u r eo f Go v e r n me n t … No r t hAme r i c a . L o c a l Go v e r n me n t … Br i t a i n ’ sd e s i r et o ma i n t a i nav i a b l e No r t hAme r i c a n e mp i r ei nt h ef a c eof g r o wi ngi nt e r n a l c h a l l e ng e sa n d e x t e r na l c o mp e t i t i o n i n s p i r e de ffo r t st o s t r e n gt he ni t s i mp e r i a l c o nt r o l , s t i mu l a t i ngi n c r e a s i n g r e s i s t a nc ef r o m c o l o n i s t swh oha d g r o wna c c us t ome dt o al a r geme a s u r eo f a u t o n o my . Re a dHi s t or i c a l Pe r s pe c t i v e sonp a ge5 5 . Wh i c hv i e wpo i n t d oy oua gr e ewi t ht h e mos t ?Ex pl a i ny o urc hoi c e . Vo t i n g … 17. HAPP “ OnBe i n gBr o u g h t f r o mAf r i c at oAme r i c a ” “ ‘ T wa sme r c yb r o u g h t mef r o mmyp a g a nl a n d T a u g h t myb e n i g h t e ds o u l t ou n d e r s t a n d T h a t t h e r e ’ saGo d , t h a t t h e r e ’ sas a v i o r , t o o ; On c eI r e d e mp t i o nn e i t h e rs o u g h t n o r k n e w. So mev i e wo u rs a b l er a c ewi t hs c o r n f u l e y e , ‘ T h e i r c o l o ri sad i a b o l i cl i e . ’ Re me mb e r , Ch r i s t i a n s , Ne g r o e sb l a c ka sCa i n Ma yb er e fi n e da n dj o i nt h ea n g e l i ct r a i n . ” ( 1 7 6 6 , Ph i l l i sWh e a t l e y ) Hi s t o r i c a l Co n t e x t : I n t e n d e dAu d i e n c e : Au t h o r ’ sP u r p o s e : Au t h o r ’ sP o i n t o f Vi e w: J oh nSi n g l e t o nCo pl e ywa sav e r yt a l e n t e dp a i n t e r wh owe n t a b r o a dt oh e l pd e v e l o ph i ss k i l l s , l i k emo s t p a i n t e r sh a dt od o . On eo f h i smo s t f a mo u sp a i n t i n g si st h i sp o r t r a i t o f Pa u l Re v e r e . J oh nT r umbul l a l s os t u d i e di nEu r o p e , a n dh ed i dp a i n t ma n yo f o u r f o u n d e r s . Th es i g n i n go f t h eDe c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c ei so n eo f h i smo s t f a mo u sp i e c e s . Cha r l e sWi l s onPe a l ewa so n eo f t h eb e s t k n o wn Ame r i c a np a i n t e r so f t h ee i g h t e e n t hc e n t u r ya n do n eo f t h ef e wt oma k eh i sc a r e e r i nt h eUn i t e dSt a t e sr a t h e r t h a nEu r o p e . Or i g i n a l l ya p p r e n t i c e da sas a d d l e r , h ewa sf o r c e do u t o f t h a t t r a d eb e c a u s eh ej o i n e dt h eSo n so f o h nSi n g l e t o nCo p l e yi nBo s t o na n dBe n j a mi nWe s t i n L i b e r t ya n dmo s t o f h i sc u s t o me r swe r eL o y a l i s t s . Het h e nb e c a mei n t e r e s t e di na r t a n ds t u d i e du n d e rJ L o n d o n . We s t p a i n t e dF r a n k l i nDr a wi n gL i g h t n i n gf r o mt h eSk y P e a l epai n t e dWa s h i n g t o ns e v e nt i me s , i n c l u d i n gt h i sp o r t r a i t . Ho wwo u l dy o uc h a r a c t e r i z eAme r i c a na r t b a s e do nt h e s ee x a mp l e s ?Th i n kHAPP! n t e x t : Hi s t o r i c a l Co I n t e n d e dAu d i e n c e : Au t h o r ’ sP u r p o s e : Au t h o r ’ sP o i n t o f Vi e w: