Understanding Ethics Answer Key Part 8

10. ______________________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal trut different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors. ANS: situational ethics 11. ________________ have several characteristics; among them are the facts that they are the source of moral beliefs and that they are the underlying premises upon which we base our judgments. ANS: Ethical systems 12. Harris defined ethical systems as a systematic ordering of __________________. ANS: moral principles 13. Socrates and Plato identified four virtues: justice, wisdom, _________, and ___________. ANS: fortitude and temperance 14. According to Hinduism, the concept of ________________ suggests that what happens in a future life is determined by how we behave in our present life. ANS: karma 15. Under _______________ ethics, the murder of one person would be justified if it resulted in many others being saved. ANS: utilitarian ESSAY 1. Discuss the differences between teleological systems and deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided 2. Describe two teleological ethical systems and describe two deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided 3. Compare and contrast hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Provide an example of each. ANS: answer not provided 4. Discuss the similarities between the religious systems presented in the chapter. ANS: answer not provided 5. Compare the natural law system with religion. ANS: answer not provided 6. Describe and discuss the ethics of virtue ethical system. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided 7. Describe another way of resolving ethical dilemmas that does not use the ethical systems. ANS: answer not provided 8. Define cultural relativism. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided 9. Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism. ANS: answer not provided 10. Review egoism and identify its relationship to natural law. ANS: answer not provided CHAPTER(3( 1. A marketing manager who orders that a successful product be removed from the market after a customer dies from consuming it may be a(n) ____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals. a. egoist b. utilitarian c. deontologist d. relativist e. unwise businessperson 1 2. Which of the moral philosophies discussed in the text evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving only as guidelines in the decision-making process? a. Rule utilitarianism b. Act utilitarianism c. Rule deontology d. Act deontology e. The relativist perspective 13. Which of the moral perspectives discussed in the text defines ethicalness subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups? a. Virtue ethics b. Egoism c. The relativist perspective d. Absolutism e. Justice 14. According to the text, which moral philosophy is most appropriate for businesspeople to use in making decisions? a. Egoism b. Utilitarianism c. Deontology d. The relativist perspective e. There is no one "right" philosophy 2. Of the moral philosophies discussed in the text, which one evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for the individual? A. Utilitarianism B. Egoism C. Teleology D. Deontology E. The relativist perspective 13. Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy? A. Teleology B. Deontology C. The relativist perspective D. Utilitarianism E. Act deontology 14. A marketing manager who orders that a successful product be removed from the market after a customer dies from consuming it may be a(n) ____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals. A. egoist B. utilitarian C. deontologist D. relativist E. unwise businessperson 15. Which of the moral philosophies discussed in the text evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest utility rather than on the basis of the act itself? A. Rule utilitarianism B. Act utilitarianism C. Rule deontology D. Act deontology E. Egoism 16. Which of the moral philosophies discussed in the text evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving only as guidelines in the decision-making process? A. Rule utilitarianism B. Act utilitarianism C. Rule deontology D. Act deontology E. The relativist perspective 17. Which of the moral perspectives discussed in the text defines ethicalness subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups? A. Virtue ethics B. Egoism C. The relativist perspective D. Absolutism E. Justice 18. Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives? A. The relativist perspective B. Teleology C. Deontology D. Egoism E. Rule deontology 19. According to the text, which moral philosophy is most appropriate for businesspeople to use in making decisions? A. Egoism B. Utilitarianism C. Deontology D. The relativist perspective E. There is no one "right" philosophy 20. An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) A. utilitarian. B. relativist. C. teleologist. D. deontologist. E. egoist. 21. Enlightened egoism A. is when an individual puts religious feelings above all others. B. centers completely on the short-term well-being of others. C. centers on one's short-term selfinterest. D. centers on one's long-term self-interest, but also takes into account the wellbeing of others. E. centers on the long-term well-being of others 8. Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development? a. Individual instrumental purpose and exchange b. Need achievement c. Social system and conscience maintenance d. Punishment and obedience e. Universal ethical principles 9. A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) a. egoist. b. teleologist. c. utilitarian. d. relativist. e. humanitarian 10. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights? a. The relativist perspective b. Act utilitarianism c. Rule utilitarianism d. Act deontology e. Rule deontology Moral philosophy refers to the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)? Utilitarianism Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result? Teleology Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences? Deontology are person-specific, whereas meet business objectives. Moral philosophies; business ethics According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she may change his/her values and ethical behavior. An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development? Social system and conscience maintenance Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development? Universal ethical principles A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) utilitarian. Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights? Rule deontology is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men. Adam Smith _____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good. Pluralists Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy? Deontology A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) because he believes in the rights of all individuals. deontologist Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually? Rule utilitarianism Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process? Act deontology Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups? The relativist perspective Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives? The relativist perspective typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas the means and motives by which actions are justified. A goodness theory; an obligation theory An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) relativist. Enlightened egoism centers on one's longterm selfinterest but takes others' wellbeing into account. Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons? Deontology have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives. Relativists justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship. Distributive Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society. argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate. Virtue ethics When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development? Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage) deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones. Justice A central problem with relativism is that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities. Which is not considered a white collar crime? Mugging someone An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development? Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage) Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoint? Utilitarianism In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (Stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in considering fairness to others. The elements of important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness and truthfulness. virtue justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results. Procedural ( ( ( CHAPTER(4(Social(Contracts…( 1. ___________ is based on the belief that all individuals agree to social contracts to be a member within a society. a. Intuitionism b. Existentialism c. Contractarianism d. KantÕs Ethics 2. What did Dante call love of justice perverted to revenge and spite? a. Wrath b. Envy c. Pride d. Greed 3. The trolley problem is an example of a SidgwickÕs dualism b KantÕs ethics c An ethical dilemma d Ethical egotism 12. ______________ allows employees and managers to address potential ethical issues before they occur. a. Analytical Ethics b. Descriptive Ethics c. Normative Ethics d. Constructive Ethics 13. Which of the following is not one of the three teleological frameworks? a. Ethical Egoism b. Utilitarianism c. KantÕs ethics d. SidgwickÕs Dualism 14. The supporters of ______________ argue that this framework is the only ethical mold that captures the essence of motivation within individuals. a. Utilitarianism b. SidgwickÕs Dualism c. Ethical Egoism d. KantÕs Ethics 15. ______________ is based on the principle of utility where each personÕs actions adds to the overall utility of the community impacted by his or her actions. a. Utilitarianism b. SidgwickÕs Dualism c. Ethical Egoism d. KantÕs Ethics 16. Supporters of _______________ state that this theory is the only one that captures the essence of benevolent behavior. a. Utilitarianism b. SidgwickÕs Dualism c. Ethical Egoism d. KantÕs Ethics 17. ______________ attempted to resolve the fundamental difference of whether the actions for oneÕs self-benefit impact just the individual or others. a. Utilitarianism b. SidgwickÕs Dualism c. Ethical Egoism d. KantÕs Ethics 18. SidgwickÕs Dualism argues that _______________ is necessary in an individualÕs actions. a. utilitarianism b. rational benevolence c. ethical egoism d. KentÕs ethics 19. Which of the following ethical frameworks focuses on the duty or obligation in determining whether the actions are wrong or right? a. teleological b. SidgwickÕs dualism c. deontological d. ethical egoism 20. All of the following are Deontological Frameworks EXCEPT: a. Ethical goism b. Existentialism c. Contractarianism d. KantÕs Ethics 21. ___________ is based on the belief that all individuals agree to social contracts to be a member within a society? a. Intuitionism b. Existentialism c. Contractarianism d. KantÕs Ethics 22. ___________ is based on the underlying belief that the only person who can determine right and wrong is based on the free will of the person making the decision. a. Intuitionism b. Existentialism c. Contractarianism d. KantÕs Ethics 23. Traditional examples of violations of the _____________ principle include theft, misappropriation of funds, and wasting resources. a. reliability b. dignity c. property d. transparency What viewpoint states that ethical beliefs are relative from society to society?  Answers: Feminist Ethics Ethical Relativism  Utilitarianism The Social Contract Theory Response Feedback: According to Steinbock, ethical relativism "says that morality is relative to the society one lives in and the way one was brought up. The rightness or wrongness of an action or practice cannot be determined apart from the cultural or social context in which it occurs" A good frame of reference for this theory is female genital circumcision. In some cultures this is seen as a respected practice filled with meaning and ethically sound. In others, it is seen as brutal and a clear violation of ethical standards. One act, difference cultures, different meaning. Virtue ethics was developed by which philosopher? Answers: Rawls Kant Plato Aristotle Response Feedback: Aristotle is the father of virtue ethics. what is the primary aspect of modern society that leads to the most complex bioethical questions?  Answers: Politics Capitalism Religion Technology Response Feedback: Steinbock writes, "Finally, technology drives the bioethical agenda by virtue of it phenomenal success in addressing medical needs and desires" Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Communitarian Ethics? Answers: 1. Communitarian ethics claims that history, tradition and moral communities are the sources of our thoughts and judgements. 2. Communitarian ethics rejects rationalism and libertarianism and embrace the idea of the "common good." 3. Criticisms of communitarian ethics include that it may limit individual freedom and/or certain groups of people that don't fit the idea of the "community." 4. The second principle of Communitarian Ethics states that all goods should be equally distributed. Response Feedback: You are correct that all 3 of these ideas are characteristics of Communitarian Ethics. The principle stating that all goods should be equally distributed is a the second principle of equality within Kantian Contractarianism, not Communitarian Ethics. Which of the following is a criticism of Utilitarian Ethics? Answers: 1. It conflicts with some of our basic moral intuitions. 2. Its claim that happiness is the greatest good disregards many other "goods" like friendships, health, etc. 3. It's nearly impossible to calculate the consequences of all of our actions to determine whether or not they will promote or produce happiness. 3. All of the above are criticisms of Utilitarian Ethics.  Business Ethics can be defined as the collective values of a business organization that can be used to evaluate whether the behaviors of the organization's collective members are considered acceptable and appropriate Constructive Not one of the three types of ethical examinations Descriptive Ethics the presentation of facts related to specific ethical actions of an individual or organization Descriptive Ethics (SA) Which of the following is used when an observer wants to understand the cause of events that generated the ethical issue? Analytical Ethics the process of understanding the reasons a course of action that may have an ethical impact took place Analytical Ethics (SA) from a legal standpoint, these would address the "motive" behind the actions instead of just being satisfied with a description of the actions Normative Ethics a prescribed course of action that attempts to ensure that ethical behavior will be followed in the future Ethical Egoism the supporters of this argue that this framework is the only ethical mold that captures the essence of motivation within individuals Utilitarianism based on the principle of utility where each person's actions adds to the overall utility of the community impacted by his or her actions Rational Benevolence Sidgwick's Dualism argues that _______ is necessary in an individual's actions. Deontological An ethical framework that focuses on the duty or obligation in determining whether the actions are wrong or right Contractarianism based on the belief that all individuals agree to social contracts to be a member within society Existentialism based on the underlying belief that the only person who can determine right and wrong is based on the free will of the person making the decision Property Principle Traditional examples of violations of the _________ include theft, misappropriation of funds, and wasting resources. Reliability Principle The ___________ is based on the belief that it is the employee s responsibility to honor the commitments he or she has made to the firm. Responsiveness the belief that employees have a responsibility to supply information when it is requested by various stakeholders Ethos derived from the Greek word for character 1970s a time when companies began to cover up their wrong doings rather than deal with the issues head-on. Sarbanes Oxley Act The most significant event of the U.S. during the 2000s was the passage of the ____________. Reciprocity Test the ____________ is also known as the Golden Rule. Implicit Prejudice Gender and ethnic biases can be common __________. In-Group Favoritism occurs when the decision maker forms a bias toward individuals in the same group as the decision maker TransFair the organization that certifies companies that can have the Fair Trade logo on their products Milton Friedman argued that in a free market system in which people are allowed to own property, the executives of the company need to be considered as the employees hired by the shareholders Immoral Manager focuses only on his or her own goals and the goals of the company and consider legal requirements as constants or barriers that are ignored when their corporate actions are implemented Amoral Manager a manager who would be considered ethically neutral and who does not focus proactively on ethical issues Moral Managers not only meet the minimum legal standards, but are proactive in presenting ethical leadership to the firm's employees and other stakeholders Power the extent to which the organization can influence or impose its will on the stakeholder group Triple Bottom Line Reporting a concept that is receiving momentum as a way of satisfying the reporting and disclosure needs of various stakeholder groups, although many companies refer to the concept as an accountability report Outsourcing defined as assigning a function or task that was previously done within a company to an external third party Ethics of Justice Ethics of justice relies on principles like justice, fairness, equality or authority. The advantages to this approach is that it looks at a problem logically and impartially. People who follow this style hope to make a decision based on principles which are higher than individualÕs interests. Disadvantages of this approach are that people who rely on it might lose sight of the immediate interests of particular individuals. Ethics of Care Ethics of care is based on sense of responsibility to reduce actual harm or suffering. The advantages of this approach are that it is responsive to circumstances that impact behaviors. The disadvantage is this style can produce decisions that seem subjective and arbitrary. Divine Command theory 1. God decides what is good A thing is good because God says so Good is dependant upon God 2. God defines what is good God shows humans what is inherently Good is external to God good Ethics are transferred to humans by: 1. Direct Command Requires unquestioning obedience Example: ÒThou shalt not kill.Ó (Ten Commandments, Exodus 20:1-18) 2. Indirect Message Requires interpretation Example: Parables and Myths Example: One of the ten commandments is, honour your father and your mother. One way I would apply this to my life is by respecting their house rules when IÕm at home. The Three Principles (or elements) of the Soul 1. The rational element (reason, reflection) . The irrational appetites (hunger, thirst, sexual gratification, etc.) The spirited element (emotions) 2. Happiness is defined as inner peace or contentment. It is the lack of inner turmoil that results when the three elements of the soul are in harmony. 3. 4. Happiness can only occur in a person with a healthy soul. Healthy soul argument - When a soul is in balance, the reason is in control of the appetites and the emotions. When a soul is unbalanced, the appetites and/or the emotions are in control. When a person is ill, he does not have as much control over what he says and does, or what he is capable of doing, as when he is healthy.