Types OF Chemical Reactions Lab

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS LAB Pre-Lab Discussion There are many kinds of chemical reactions and several ways to classify them. One useful method classifies reactions into four major types. These are: 1. 2. 3. 4. direct combination, or synthesis decomposition, or analysis single replacement exchange of ions, or double replacement Not all reactions can be put into one of these categories. Many, however, can. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances (elements or compounds) combine to form a more complex substance. Equations for synthesis reactions have the general form A + B → AB. For example, the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is written 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction. In decomposition, a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances (elements or compounds). Equations for decomposition reactions have the form AB → A + B. The breakdown of water into its elements is an example of such a reactions: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2. In a single replacement reaction, one substance in a compound is replaced by another, more active, substance (an element). Equations for single replacement reactions have two general forms. In reactions in which one metal replaces another metal, the general equation is X + YB → XB + Y. In those in which one nonmetal replaces another nonmetal, the general form is X + AY → AX + Y. The following equations illustrate these types of reactions: Zinc metal replaces copper (II) ion: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Chlorine (a nonmetal) replaces bromide ions: Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) In a double replacement reaction, the metal ions of two different ionic compounds can be thought of as “replacing one another.” Equations for this type of reaction have the general form AB + CD → AD + CB. Most replacement reactions, both single and double, take place in aqueous solutions containing free ions. In a double replacement reaction, one of the products is a precipitate, an insoluble gas, or water. An example is the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride in which the precipitate silver chloride is formed: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) All of the types of reactions discussed here may be represented by balanced molecular equations. Reactions involving ion exchanges me be represented by ionic equations also. In this investigation you will be concerned only with molecular formulas and equations. In a balanced equation, the number of atoms of any given element must be the same on both sides of the equation. Multiplying the coefficient and the subscript of an element must yield the same result on both sides of the balanced equation. In this investigation you will observe examples of the four types of reactions described above. You will be expected to balance the equations representing the observed reactions. Purpose: Observe some chemical reactions and identity reactants and products of those reactions. Classify the reactions and write balanced equations. Equipment: burner crucible tongs microspatula test tubes, 15x180mm(7) test tube holder test tube rack wood splints evaporating dish safety goggles lab apron Materials: zinc, mossy (Zn) Copper Wire, 10 cm (Cu) magnesium ribbon, 5 cm (Mg) copper (II) carbonate (CuCO3) 1 M copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) 0.1 M zinc acetate (Zn(C2H3O2)2) 0.1 M sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) 1 M sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) Safety: Goggles, Aprons and use caution with burner. In this investigation you will be working with open flames, heating chemicals, handling acids, and producing gaseous products. Burning magnesium produces a very bright, hot flame. Make sure you hold the burning metal at arm’s length and do not look directly at it. Remember never to smell a chemical directly. Wear safety goggles and aprons at all times when working in the lab. Procedure: PART A SYNTHESIS 1. Get a piece of copper wire from your teacher. Note the appearance of the wire. 2. Using crucible tongs, hold the wire in the hottest part of a burner flame for 1 to 2 minutes. Examine the wire and note any change in its appearance caused by heating. 3. Place an evaporating dish near the base of the burner. Get a piece of magnesium from your teacher. Examine a piece of magnesium ribbon. Using crucible tongs, hold the sample in the burner flame until the magnesium starts to burn. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE FLAME. HOLD THE BURNING MAGNESIUM AWAY FROM YOU AND DIRECTLY OVER THE EVAPORATING DISH. When the ribbon stops burning, put the remains in the evaporating dish. Examine this product carefully. PART B DECOMPOSITION 4. Place 2 heaping microspatulas of copper (II) carbonate (CuCO3) in a clean, dry test tube. Note the appearance of the sample. 5. Using a test tube holder, heat the CuCO3 strongly for about 3 minutes. Insert a burning wood splint into the test tube. If carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is present, it will put the flame out. Note any change in the appearance of the residue in the test tube. PART C SINGLE REPLACEMENT 6. Stand a clean, dry test tube in the test tube rack. Add about 5 mL of 3 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the tube. CAUTION. Handle acids with care. They can cause painful burns. Do not inhale any HCl fumes. Now carefully drop a small piece of zinc metal (Zn) into the acid in the test tube. Observe and record what happens. 7. Using a test tube holder, invert a second test tube over the mouth of the test tube in which the reaction is taking place. See the diagram to the right. Remove the inverted tube after 30 seconds and quickly insert a burning wood splint into the mouth of the tube. (A “pop” indicates the presence of hydrogen gas.) Note the appearance of the substance in the reaction test tube. 8. Add about 5 mL of 1 M copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution to a clean, dry test tube. Place a small amount of zinc metal in the solution. Note the appearance of the solution and the zinc before and after the reaction. PART D DOUBLE REPLACEMENT 9. Add about 2 mL of 0.1 M Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2 to a clean, dry test tube. Next, add about 2 mL of 0.1 M Potassium Iodide (KI) to the test tube. Observe what happens and note any changes in the mixture. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA DATA TABLE Sample A. Synthesis 1. Cu 2. Mg B. Decomposition 3. CuCO3 C. Single Replacement 4. Zn + HCl 5. Zn + CuSO4 D. Double Replacement 6. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) Before reaction After reaction EQUATIONS: Balance each of the equations by inserting the proper coefficients where needed. Write the Names of the reactant(s) and product(s) below the molecular equation for each reaction. PART A SYNTHESIS 1. Cu(s) + O2(g) → CuO(s) 2. Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s) PART B DECOMPOSITION 3. CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g) PART C SINGLE REPLACEMENT 4. Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) ↑ 5. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) PART D DOUBLE REPLACEMENT 6. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) → KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS: 1. In Part D: Double Replacement Reaction, state which product is the precipitate. Explain what that indicates regarding that species solubility. 2. Describe what test was used to identify hydrogen gas? 3. How does a chemist know that a reaction is an Oxidation Reduction Reaction? 3. Assign the OXIDATION NUMBERS to all species in these reactions. Balance the equations below using the smallest whole number coefficients. Identify the type of reaction represented by each equation. Indicate which reactions are OXIDATION REDUCTION reactions. a. AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) ↓ b. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + NaCl(aq) c. Cl2(g) + NaBr(aq) → NaCl(aq) + Br2(l) d. KClO3(s) → KCl(s) + O2(g) ↑ e. AlCl3(aq) + NH4OH(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s) ↓ f. H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g)