Poetry Rhythm Rhyme End rhyme Internal rhyme Approximate rhyme Visual rhyme Rhyme scheme Assonance Consonance Alliteration Onomatopoeia Figure of speech Metaphor Simile Hyperbole Personification Imagery Allusion Irony Symbolism Lyric poem Narrative poem Free verse Lines of rhythmic verse meant to be read aloud. It may or may not rhyme. A musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables or by the repetition of certain other sound patterns The repetition of similar sounds within words, usually vowel sounds Rhyme that occurs at the end of a poem Rhyme that occurs within the same line of poetry Involves sounds that are similar, but not exactly the same (river/ever) Involves words that are spelled similarly but pronounced differently (cough/tough) The pattern of end rhyme in a poem Repetition of vowel sounds within words that are close together in poetry (may/say) Repetition of consonant sounds within words close together in poetry (little/middle) –sounds, not letters! Repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words close together in poetry (flaming/flag) A word that, when spoken, approximates the sound being named (splash, boom) A word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be understood as literally true—it creates “figurative” meaning A figure of speech in which one thing is suggested to be another (her eyes were twin beams of light) A metaphor that uses like or as to draw the similarity (her eyes were like twin beams of light OR her eyes shone as sunlight does) Extreme exaggeration for effect (he was so tall he had to stoop to go under traffic lights) Giving human characteristics to non-human things (the wind whistled in the trees)—not to be confused with cartoon characters, etc. Words that appeal to the senses to create an image in the mind’s “eye” A reference to a work of literature, art, an event in history, etc. that the reader is expected to recognize and apply the similarity being suggested to the work being read (the event was his Waterloo) A contrast between expectation and reality (verbal irony occurs when what is said is different from what is really meant; situational irony occurs when what happened is different from what was expected to happen; dramatic irony occurs when the audience or reader knows something that a character does not know) Occurs when something stands for what it is and stands for something more than what it is (the flag is a symbol of our country) A poem that expresses the feelings and thoughts of a speaker rather than telling a story A poem that tells a story Poetry without a regular meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme Limerick Sonnet Sestina Haiku Blank verse Epic poem Concrete poem Stanza Iambic Pentameter Denotation Connotation Diction Mood Speaker Tone Oral tradition A five-line humorous or nonsensical poem which contains a definite and defined rhythm and has an aabba rhyme scheme A fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameter which follows a particular rhyme scheme, depending on its type, English or Italian (which have nothing to do with the language in which it is written) This will be covered in class due to the difficulty of defining it in such a way that confusion would not occur—words simply do not do it justice A three-line Japanese verse form of seventeen syllables, with five syllables in the first line, seven in the second, and five in the third—it generally describes something in nature Unrhymed iambic pentameter A book-length narrative poem that has defined characteristics, such as the invoking of the muse A poem in which the words are arranged on the page in such a way as to suggest a picture that relates to the poem’s meaning. One block of verse in a poem A rhythm (meter) characterized by lines of poetry in which a basic pattern is established where every other syllable is stressed, beginning with the second syllable in the line (this will be demonstrated in class so pay attention) A line of poetry in which there are five “feet” of meter (again, this will be demonstrated in class so pay attention) The dictionary meaning of a word The feelings about words that arise in the reader (night will sometimes connote a fear of the unknown or death, depending on how it is used in the poem, etc.) The word choice an author uses (hag instead of old woman creates a certain connotation and image) Also known as atmosphere, it is the overall mood or feeling of a work of literature—it is usually expressed as an emotion, such as sadness, fear, or joy The “persona” of a poem who is “speaking” the poem—it is much like a character in a fictional story—the speaker is NOT necessarily the author The attitude the author takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience Occurs when stories, songs, or poems have been passed down orally from generation to generation—for example, Homer did not write any of the poems that are attributed to him; he was a storyteller who memorized the poems and stories handed down to him; Aesop’s fables are another example of this.