Ecology Review

Ecology Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. ____ 1. Ecologists work with local people to find ways to protect wildlife habitats. _________________________ ____ 2. The number of species in an area is a measure of biodiversity. _________________________ ____ 3. Temperate deciduous forests have more biodiversity than any other terrestrial biome. _________________________ ____ 4. A conservation biologist's main concern is protecting biodiversity. _________________________ ____ 5. Habitat fragmentation is the biggest threat to biodiversity. _________________________ ____ 6. The pesticide CFC damaged the eggs of the American bald eagle. _________________________ ____ 7. When roads cut across natural areas, this produces habitat fragmentation. _________________________ ____ 8. A plot of protected land may have different conditions at the edges than in the middle. This is known as corridor effect. _________________________ ____ 9. A species that is brought to a place where it never lived is considered a(n) native species. _________________________ Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 10. Water is lost to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the biotic parts by the process of _____. a. precipitation c. transpiration b. photosynthesis d. infiltration ____ 11. Nitrogen is released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere from the processes of death and _____. a. decay by bacteria c. runoff b. infiltration of groundwater d. lightning in storm clouds ____ 12. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the biotic parts of the biosphere through _____. a. burning of forests c. combustion of fossil fuels b. photosynthesis d. all of these ____ 13. Some birds are known as honey guides because they may be followed by humans to wild beehives. When the humans take honey from the hives, the birds are able to feast on the honey and bees, too. This type of relationship can best be described as _____. a. parasitism c. mutualism b. commensalism d. symbiosis ____ 14. Sea stars live in saltwater ecosystems. Some species live in shallow tidal pools, while others live in the deepest parts of the oceans. This is a description of the _____ of sea stars. a. habitat b. community c. niche d. none of these ____ 15. Cougars are predators that often eat weakened or diseased animals. This is a description of the _____ of cougars. a. habitat c. niche b. community d. none of these ____ 16. An ecologist who studies how several species in an area interact among each other and with the abiotic parts of the environment is interested in the biological organization level called a(n) _____. a. organism c. community b. population d. ecosystem Figure 2-1 ____ 17. Referring to Figure 2-1, the relationship between cats and mice could best be described as _____. a. predator-prey c. parasite-host b. scavenger-carrion d. consumer-producer ____ 18. Where is the biosphere in Figure 2-4? Figure 2-4 a. core b. mantle c. upper mantle d. earth’s crust ____ 19. The organisms growing on the log in Figure 2-8 are ____? Figure 2-8 a. producers b. autotrophs c. carnivores d. decomposers ____ 20. What type of cycle is depicted in Figure 2-10? Figure 2-10 a. carbon b. water c. phosphorus d. nitrogen ____ 21. The organism shown in Figure 2-12 is involved in which type of symbiosis? Figure 2-12 a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism d. predatorism ____ 22. An uncut lawn becomes a meadow and eventually a forest. This process is an example of _____. a. aphotic zones c. estuary b. primary succession d. secondary succession ____ 23. A girl notices that her guppies reproduce most when her fish tank water is slightly alkaline. They stop reproducing if the water becomes acidic or if the water becomes too alkaline. This is an example of _____. a. secondary succession c. communities b. zones of tolerance and intolerance d. intertidal zones Ling feeds her guppies one-half teaspoon of fish food every day. The average guppy population in her aquarium over a four-month period is 38 guppies. She increased the food to one teaspoon per day. After a four-month period, the average population is 53 guppies. ____ 24. Which of the following statements is supported by these data? a. The size of the aquarium was a limiting factor. b. One-half teaspoon of food was a limiting factor. c. As long as Ling keeps adding more food, the guppy population will continue to grow. d. Guppies reproduce rapidly. ____ 25. When Ling increased the amount of food, what happened to the carrying capacity of the aquarium? a. It increased. c. It remained the same. b. It decreased. d. It increased and then decreased. ____ 26. The stable ecosystem that develops due to succession _____. a. is called a niche c. is called a climax community b. is always a forest d. never changes Figure 3-3 ____ 27. In Figure 3-3, where will you be most likely to find the greatest diversity? a. A c. C b. B d. D ____ 28. In Figure 3-3, which section would account for a lower number of organisms near the bottom of a pond due to a short supply of oxygen and sunlight? a. A c. C b. B d. D ____ 29. What type of succession is most likely to happen in Figure 3-4? Figure 3-4 a. primary b. secondary c. teriary d. climax Figure 3-6 ____ 30. Look at the graph in Figure 3-6. What does this graph tell us about this species of plant? a. too much sunlight can hurt them c. heat is damaging to them b. they thrive in a lot of sun d. they need plenty of water ____ 31. Look at the graph in Figure 3-6. Approximately how many hours of sunlight should these plants receive each day in order to make them grow at their optimum level? a. 4 c. 16 b. 12 d. 20 ____ 32. What would be the best time of the year to plant the organism described in Figure 3-6? a. winter b. spring c. summer d. fall Figure 3-7 ____ 33. You take a sample of species from the area labeled A in Figure 3-7. What would you expect to find? a. almost no life c. organisms that need very little oxygen b. great species diversity d. one dominant species of fish ____ 34. What type of species would be most likely found in the area labeled D in Figure 3-7? a. one that requires plenty of oxygen b. plants that require light c. amphibians that need a warm habitat d. decomposers that feed on dead organisms ____ 35. Which of the following problems do immigration and emigration pose for demographers? a. Demographers must provide for more city services. b. Demographers cannot identify the age structure of immigrants. c. Demographers find it difficult to make predictions about populations. d. Demographers study growth rates, age structures, and geographic distributions of populations. ____ 36. The effect of local population fluctuations in rapidly expanding suburbs may _____ schools, roads, and police and fire services. a. stress c. have no effect on b. reduce the need for d. none of these ____ 37. The effect of movement of people between counties has _____ effect on total world population. a. a damaging c. a great b. little d. no ____ 38. A country that has a stable population is characterized by an age structure that is _____. a. about the same among all groups b. largest among pre-reproductive years c. largest among reproductive years d. largest among post-reproductive years ____ 39. Bacteria employ a(n) _____ reproductive strategy, a characteristic determined by their small size, rapid maturation, and short life span. a. unusual c. rapid b. early d. slow ____ 40. The giant land tortoises of the Galapagos Islands and sequoias of California have among the longest life spans of any organisms. This indicates that they likely employ a strategy of _____. a. rapid reproduction c. early sexual maturity b. slow growth d. all of these ____ 41. Organisms that employ a strategy of slow reproduction usually require an environment that _____. a. is stable c. has cold days b. fluctuates from year to year d. has 24-hour growing periods ____ 42. A population that grows until it reaches its carrying capacity usually has the shape of an _____. a. I c. S b. J d. M ____ 43. Density-independent factors are limiting factors whose effects are _____. a. confined to the habitat of the population b. determined by the degree of competition for resources c. not influenced by population densities d. determined by the difference between birthrate and population density ____ 44. For a particular species, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individual organisms that _____. a. the species could reach in a given time period if all the offspring survive and reproduce b. could be supported by a given environment indefinitely c. are in their post-reproductive years d. could be supported by any environment over a period of one year ____ 45. Unrestricted populations of organisms experience _____. a. exponential growth c. fertility b. linear growth d. biotic growth ____ 46. The statement, "proportions of a population expressed in terms of the reproductive years of the individual organisms," refers to the population's _____. a. fertility rate c. age structure b. reproductive strategy d. carrying capacity ____ 47. When you study all the growth characteristics of a human population, you are studying its _____. a. reproductive pattern c. life-history pattern b. exponential growth d. demography ____ 48. Population control factors whose effects increase as the size of the population increases are _____. a. abiotic factors c. limiting factors b. density-dependent factors d. density-independent factors ____ 49. The major threat to biodiversity is _____. a. habitat fragmentation b. habitat loss c. habitat degradation d. exotic species ____ 50. The major focus of conservation biology is _____. a. to prevent cruelty to animals b. to keep animals in zoos for people to see c. protect species from extinction d. stop hunting ____ 51. Acid rain changes the pH of soil, killing some trees. This is an example of _____. a. habitat fragmentation c. habitat degradation b. global warming problems d. exotic species Table 5-1 shows the population sizes for 5 different species in four different areas. Area Species U Species V A 3 7 B 0 C D Species W Species X Species Y Species Z 2 2 2 4 6 8 0 6 6 0 0 2 0 0 2 4 3 11 1 6 0 Table 5-1 ____ 52. From Table 5-1, which species has the highest average population size? a. Species W c. Species Y b. Species X d. Species Z ____ 53. If the four areas in Table 5-1 were the only places in the world to find these organisms, which species most likely faces the greatest chance of extinction? a. Species U c. Species Y b. Species X d. Species Z ____ 54. Which area in Table 5-1 has the greatest biodiversity? a. Area A c. Area C b. Area B d. Area D ____ 55. If all four areas in Table 5-1 had identical climate and geology, which one would probably have the smallest area? a. Area A c. Area C b. Area B d. Area D For many years orchid collectors searched Exotic Islands for the beautiful Kimmarie Orchid, which is found no place else in the world. After they found the orchid, they brought it back to their homes. In the last couple of years the Kimmarie Orchid has not been found on the island. As a result, hobbyists are now sending the Kimmarie Orchid to be replanted on the island. ____ 56. The Kimmarie Orchid became extinct in the wild due to _____. a. habitat loss c. habitat degradation b. exotics d. overcollection ____ 57. The hobbyists are trying to correct the Kimmarie Orchid problem they caused by using _____. a. exotic species c. habitat corridors b. a reintroduction program d. habitat fragments ____ 58. Island A has an area of 30 square kilometers. Island B has an area of 400 square kilometers. The islands are near each other. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. Island A has greater biodiversity and a higher percentage of edge effect than Island B. b. Island A has less biodiversity and a higher percentage of edge effect than Island B. c. Island A has greater biodiversity and a lower percentage of edge effect than Island B. d. Island A has less biodiversity and a lower percentage of edge effect than Island B. ____ 59. Consider the following pairs of organisms: large predators and small predators; large herbivores and small herbivores; and migratory animals and non-migratory animals. The two animals most likely to suffer the most from habitat fragmentation are the _____. a. large predators and migratory animals b. large herbivores and large predators c. non-migratory animals and small herbivores d. migratory animals and large herbivores ____ 60. Which one of the following is NOT a cause of acid precipitation? a. sulfur dioxide from burning coal b. nitrogen oxides from car exhaust c. destruction of the ozone layer ____ 61. Carnivorous birds that fed on organisms exposed to this chemical produced fragile eggs. The chemical is _____. a. CFC c. DDT b. DNA d. nitrogen oxide ____ 62. Salvinia molesta, a floating aquatic plant, first entered Lake Naivasha in Kenya when a person's fish ponds flooded. The plant quickly grew, changing the habitat of parts of the lake. This is an example of a problem due to _____. a. reintroduction programs c. habitat fragmentation b. exotic species d. edge effect ____ 63. Which is NOT true of the U.S. Endangered Species Act? a. It was responsible for the creation of Yellowstone National Park. b. President Nixon signed it into law in 1973. c. It was partially responsible for the recovery of some threatened species. d. Other countries have created similar laws. ____ 64. A conservation biology organization wants to raise money to buy a strip of land to connect Protected Area A to Natural Park Area B. This strip would most likely serve _____. a. as a road for tourists c. to fragment the habitat b. as a wildlife corridor d. to slow ozone destruction ____ 65. Which of the following species is extinct? a. American bald eagle b. bison (buffalo) c. passenger pigeon d. giant panda ____ 66. Water and air pollution are examples of _____. a. habitat fragmentation c. edge effect b. habitat degradation d. sustainable use ____ 67. Which country has the fewest species of mammals? a. Canada b. United States c. Mexico ____ 68. If the communities in Figure 5-4 were put in order of least to most biological diversity, they would be _____. Figure 5-4 a. ABCD b. CADB c. DBCA d. BDAC Figure 5-5 ____ 69. What does the graph in Figure 5-5 tell you? a. b. c. d. the farther from land, the more biodiversity the larger the islet, the more biodiversity islet size and biodiversity are not related biodiversity decreases with islet size ____ 70. Using the graph in Figure 5-5, extrapolate what would happen to biodiversity on a large island or continent. a. biodiveristy would increase greatly b. biodiversity would decrease greatly c. biodiveristy would first increase, then decrease d. biodiversity would remain constant ____ 71. Using the information from the graph in Figure 5-5, predict what would happen to biodiversity if the ocean level increased. a. it would increase c. it would decrease b. it would remain the same d. it would disappear Figure 5-6 ____ 72. What happened to species B in the graph shown in Figure 5-6? a. it increased in biodiversity c. it became carnivorous b. it decreased in population slightly d. it became extinct ____ 73. What effect did the loss of species B have on species A and D in Figure 5-6? a. it caused the populations of A and D to decrease b. it caused the populations of A and D to increase c. it caused the populations of A and D to become extinct d. it had no effect on the populations of A and D ____ 74. Suggest what happened to species E in Figure 5-6. a. it became extinct c. it stopped eating species B b. it replaced species B in its niche d. it started eating species A Table: Populations and Extinctions Initial No. Island Area (km2) of Species A 850,000 175 B 300,000 140 C 90,000 80 Figure 5-7 Extinctions 25 35 50 ____ 75. What is the percent loss of species on island A, according to Figure 5-7? a. 12.5% c. 25% b. 14% d. 30% ____ 76. What factor, according to the data in Figure 5-7, has the greatest impact on species loss? a. the original number of species c. the area of the island b. the distance from the mainland d. the climate ____ 77. Using Figure 5-7, predict what the approximate species loss would be on an island that is 500,000 km2 in size. a. less than 25 c. between 35 and 50 b. between 25 and 35 d. more than 50 Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 78. The amount of biological diversity in an area is called ____________________. 79. The number of ____________________ in an area is a measure of biodiversity. 80. The biggest threat to biodiversity is ____________________. 81. Mexico has more biodiversity than the United States because it is _________________________. 82. Human development often creates small isolated patches of wildlife area. This is known as _____________________________. 83. ____________________ programs seek to establish species in areas where they once lived. 84. The U.S. ____________________ Act of 1973 gave legal protection to threatened and endangered species. 85. The use of CFCs can destroy the ____________________ in the upper atmosphere. 86. A patch of wildlife area may have different climate conditions around its perimeter. This is known as ____________________. Ecology Review Answer Section MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. ANS: F, Conservation biologists DIF: 2. ANS: STO: 3. ANS: B OBJ: 5-3 T 3.01 F, Tropical rain forests STO: 4.05, 5.01 DIF: B OBJ: 5-1 DIF: 4. ANS: STO: 5. ANS: B T 4.05, 5.01 F, loss OBJ: 5-1 STO: 3.01 DIF: B OBJ: 5-3 OBJ: 5-2 STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 DIF: B 6. ANS: F, DDT DIF: 7. ANS: STO: 8. ANS: B OBJ: 5-2 T 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 F, edge DIF: B 9. ANS: F, exotic DIF: B STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 DIF: B OBJ: 5-2 OBJ: 5-3 STO: 4.05, 5.01 OBJ: 5-2 STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: MULTIPLE CHOICE 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: C A B C A C D A D D B C D B B B B B B B B B B B A B A B B B 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-2 2-2 2-1 2-5 2-6 2-2 3-4 3-2 3-1 STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.01 4.01 4.01 4.01 4.01 5.01, 5.02, 3.05 4.03 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.01 4.04 3.05, 4.05 4.01 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: A C C B B A C C B D C A D A C B A C C B A C D B B C C A B A C D B B A C C B A B C B A D B A DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: B B A A B A A A B A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B A A OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: 3-2 3-4 3-2 3-2 3-4 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-5 3-5 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-5 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-1 4-3 4-3 4-1 4-5 4-4 4-3 5-2 5-3 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-1 5-1 5-1 STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: 3.05, 4.05 4.04 3.05, 4.05 3.05, 4.05 4.04 4.01, 5.01 4.01, 5.01 4.01, 5.01 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.03, 3.05, 4.02 4.01 4.01 4.01 4.01, 4.05 3.03.b, 4.01, 4.05 3.03.b, 4.01, 4.05 3.03.b, 4.01, 4.05 4.01, 5.01 4.01, 4.05, 5.01 4.01, 4.05, 5.01 4.01, 5.01 4.01, 4.05 4.01, 4.05 4.01, 4.05, 5.01 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 4.05, 5.01 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 3.01 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 4.05, 5.01 4.05, 5.01 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.01 3.01 3.01 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: C D A B B C B DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: DIF: A A A A A A A OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-1 5-2 STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: STO: COMPLETION 78. ANS: biodiversity DIF: B 79. ANS: species OBJ: 5-1 STO: 3.01 DIF: B 80. ANS: habitat loss OBJ: 5-1 STO: 3.01 DIF: B OBJ: 5-2 81. ANS: warmer closer to the equator STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 DIF: B OBJ: 5-1 82. ANS: habitat fragmentation STO: 3.01 DIF: B OBJ: 5-2 83. ANS: Reintroduction STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 DIF: B OBJ: 5-3 84. ANS: Endangered Species STO: 4.05, 5.01 DIF: B 85. ANS: ozone layer OBJ: 5-3 STO: 4.05, 5.01 DIF: B 86. ANS: edge effect OBJ: 5-2 STO: 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 OBJ: 5-1 STO: 3.01 DIF: B 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05 3.01 3.05, 5.01, 4.05, 5.05