Psychology - Answer Key

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ A) ___ 1. The text defines personality as: the set of personal attitudes that characterizes a person. B) an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. D) an unpredictable set of responses to environmental stimuli. C) a predictable set of responses to environmental stimuli. ___ 2. Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind? A) the humanistic perspective C the trait perspective B) the social-cognitive perspective D the psychoanalytic perspective ) ) ___ 3. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a child who frequently “slips” and calls her teacher “mom” probably: A) has some unresolved conflicts concerning her mother. B) is fixated in the oral stage of development. D) can be classified as having a weak sense of personal control. C) A) did not receive unconditional positive regard from her mother. ___ 4. A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that: trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics. B) trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it. C) D) psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality. all of the above are differences. ___ 5. According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between: A) our unacceptable urges and our tendency to become self-actualized. C) the collective unconscious and our individual desires. B) the process of identification and the ego's defense mechanisms. D) A) B) our biological impulses and the social restraints against them. ___ 6. Id is to ego as ________ is to ________. reality principle; pleasure principle C conscious forces; unconscious forces pleasure principle; reality principle D conscience; “personality executive” ) ) ___ 7. A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong ________ and a weak ________. A) id and ego; superego B) id; ego and superego C) ego; superego D) id; superego ___ 8. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud? A) oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital C oral; anal; genital; latency; phallic B) anal; oral; phallic; latency; genital D anal; oral; genital; latency; phallic ) ) ___ 9. According to Freud, ________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their A) B) ________. reaction formation; superegos C identification; superegos reaction formation; egos D identification; egos ) ) ___ 10. Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is: A) projecting her anxiety onto others. C fixated in the anal stage of development. B) fixated in the oral stage of development. D displacing her anxiety onto others. ) ) ___ 11. The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the: A) anal stage. B) oral stage. C) latency stage. D) phallic stage. ___ 12. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing: A) anger. B) fear. C) anxiety. D) lust. ___ 13. Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purchase, she raves to her friends about the car's attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of: A) displacement. B) reaction formation. C) rationalization. D) projection. ___ 14. Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that: A) Freud placed too great an emphasis on the conscious mind. C) the years of childhood were more important in the formation of personality than Freud had B) D) Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts. indicated. Freud's ideas about the id, ego, and superego as personality structures were incorrect. ___ 15. The personality test Teresa is taking involves her describing random patterns of dots. What type of test is she taking? A) an empirically derived test B) the MMPI C) a personality inventory D) a projective test ___ 16. Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop: A) an internal locus of control. B) a reaction formation. C) learned helplessness. D) neurotic anxiety. ___ 17. Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because: A) their scoring system is too rigid and leads to unfair labeling. B) they were standardized with unrepresentative samples. D) it is easy for people to fake answers in order to appear healthy. C) they have low reliability and low validity. ___ 18. Which of Freud's ideas would not be accepted by most contemporary psychologists? A) Development is essentially fixed in childhood. C) The mind is an iceberg with consciousness being only the tip. B) D) Sexuality is a potent drive in humans. Repression can be the cause of forgetting. ___ 19. Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory? A) The theory is sexist. C) There is no evidence of anything like an “unconscious.” B) D) It offers few testable hypotheses. The theory ignores the fact that human development is lifelong. ___ 20. Professor Minton believes that people strive to find meaning in life because they are terrified of their A) B) own mortality. Evidently, Professor Minton is a proponent of: terror-management theory. C the humanistic perspective. psychodynamic theory. D the social-cognitive perspective. ) ) ___ 21. Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ________ than for defense mechanisms such as ________. A) displacement; reaction formation C displacement; regression B) reaction formation; displacement D displacement; projection ) ) ___ 22. The humanistic perspective on personality: A) emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality. C) emphasizes the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality. B) D) emphasizes the growth potential of “healthy” individuals. describes personality in terms of scores on various personality scales. ___ 23. Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and A) self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he: has an internal locus of control. B) is an extravert. C) has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages. D) is a self-actualizing person. ___ 24. In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but: A) empathy. B) acceptance. C) genuineness. D) altruism. ___ 25. According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are: A) honesty, sincerity, and empathy. C high self-esteem, genuineness, and B) high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy. D genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. ) acceptance. ) ___ 26. The school psychologist believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is working within the ________ perspective. A) psychoanalytic B) trait C) humanistic D) social-cognitive ___ 27. Wanda wishes to instill in her children an accepting attitude toward other people. Maslow and Rogers A) B) C) D) would probably recommend that she: teach her children first to accept themselves. use discipline sparingly. be affectionate with her children only when they behave as she wishes. do all of the above. ___ 28. For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our ________ is ________ or ________. A) ego; strong; weak C personality structure; introverted; extraverted B) locus of control; internal; external D self-concept; positive; negative ) ) ___ 29. Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective? A) Its concepts are vague and subjective. C) Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior. B) D) The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals. All of the above are common criticisms. ___ 30. Dr. Gonzalez believes that most students can be classified as “Type A” or “Type B” according to the intensities of their personalities and competitiveness. Evidently, Dr. Gonzalez is working within the ________ perspective. A) psychoanalytic B) trait C) humanistic D) social-cognitive ___ 31. Trait theory attempts to: A) show how development of personality is a lifelong process. B) describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways. C) determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization. D) explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits, behavior, and the environment. ___ 32. The ________ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) MMPI C) Locus of Control Scale D) Kagan Temperament Scale ___ 33. Isaiah is sober and reserved; Rashid is fun-loving and affectionate. The Eysencks would say that Isaiah ________ and Rashid ________. A) has an internal locus of control; has an external locus of control C) is an extravert; is an introvert B) D) has an external locus of control; has an internal locus of control is an introvert; is an extravert ___ 34. Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized? A) extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability C) internal-external locus of control and emotional stability-instability B) D) internal-external locus of control and extraversion-introversion melancholic-phlegmatic and choleric-sanguine ___ 35. Nadine has a relatively low level of brain arousal. Trait theorists would probably predict that she is: A) an extravert. B) an introvert. C) an unstable person. D) both a. and c. ___ 36. Because you have a relatively low level of brain arousal, a trait theorist would suggest that you are a(n) ________ who would naturally seek ________. A) introvert; stimulation B) introvert; isolation C) extravert; stimulation D) extravert; isolation ___ 37. In studying personality, a trait theorist would most likely: A) B) use a projective test. observe a person in a variety of situations. C use a personality inventory. ) D use the method of free association. ) ___ 38. A psychologist at the campus mental health center administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist most likely administer? A) the MMPI B) the TAT C) the Rorschach D) the Locus of Control Scale ___ 39. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n): A) projective personality test. C) personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants. B) D) empirically derived and objective personality test. personality test used primarily to assess locus of control. ___ 40. The Big Five personality factors are: A) emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control. C) neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness. B) D) neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity. emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness. ___ 41. For his class presentation, Bruce plans to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe others or themselves. Which of the following is not a factor that Bruce will discuss? A) extraversion B) openness C) independence D) conscientiousness ___ 42. Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that: A) some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase. C) the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less. B) D) these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures. all of the above are true. ___ 43. A major criticism of trait theory is that it: A) places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences. C) underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development. B) D) overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations. places too great an emphasis on positive traits. ___ 44. With regard to personality, it appears that: A) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and little consistency of traits B) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of C) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but little consistency of D) over the life span. traits over the life span. traits over the life span. there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and significant consistency of traits over the life span. ___ 45. Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. A) B) C) D) Research studies would suggest that Dayna's inconsistent behavior: indicates that she is emotionally troubled and may need professional counseling. is a sign of learned helplessness. is not necessarily unusual. probably reflects a temporary problem in another area of her life. ___ 46. Today's personality researchers focus their work on: A) basic dimensions of personality. C grand theories of behavior. ) B) the interaction of persons and environments. D a. and b. ) ___ 47. In high school, Britta and Debbie were best friends. They thought they were a lot alike, as did everyone else who knew them. After high school, they went on to very different colleges, careers, and life courses. Now, at their twenty-fifth reunion, they are shocked at how little they have in common. Bandura would suggest that their differences reflect the interactive effects of environment, personality, and behavior, which he refers to as: A) reciprocal determinism. B) personal control. C) identification. D) the self-serving bias. ___ 48. Which perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality? A) psychoanalytic B) trait C) humanistic D) social-cognitive ___ 49. Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents, she chose to enroll in a conservative college. After four years in this environment, Ramona's politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona's upbringing, choice of school, and political viewpoint? A) psychoanalytic B) trait C) humanistic D) social-cognitive ___ 50. With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree? A) People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school. B) “Externals” are better able to cope with stress than “internals.” D) All of the above are true. C) “Internals” are less independent than “externals.” ___ 51. Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals. A) more dependent B) more intelligent C) better able to cope with stress D) more sociable ___ 52. Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently: A) more critical of others. C more likely to display a self-serving bias. B) less critical of others. D less likely to display a self-serving bias. ) ) ___ 53. (Close-Up) During a class discussion, Trevor argues that the recent “positive psychology” is sure to wane in popularity, since it suffers from the same criticisms as humanistic psychology. You counter his argument by pointing out that, unlike humanistic psychology, positive psychology: A) focuses on advancing human fulfillment. C is not based on the study of individual B) is rooted in science. D has all of the above characteristics. ) characteristics. ) ___ 54. In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of: A) B) personality inventories. projective tests. C observing behavior in different situations. ) D factor analyses. ) ___ 55. Which of the following is a major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective? A) B) It focuses too much on early childhood C It provides descriptions but not explanations. experiences. ) person. ) It focuses too little on the inner traits of a D It lacks appropriate assessment techniques. ___ 56. Which of the following statements about self-esteem is not correct? A) People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others. C) People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists. B) D) People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction. People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia. ___ 57. The behavior of many people has been described in terms of a spotlight effect. This means that they: A) tend to see themselves as being above average in ability. C) overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them. B) D) perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control. do all of the above. ___ 58. Which of the following groups tends to suffer from relatively low self-esteem? A) women B) ethnic minorities C) disabled persons D) none of the above ___ 59. An example of the self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to: A) see themselves as better than average on nearly any desirable dimension. C) be overly critical of other people. B) D) accept more responsibility for successes than failures. do both a. and b. ___ 60. James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies: A) B) internal locus of control. unconditional positive regard. C the self-serving bias. ) D reciprocal determinism. ) ___ 61. Regarding the self-serving bias, psychologists who study the self have found that self-affirming A) B) C) thinking: is generally maladaptive to the individual because it distorts reality by overinflating self-esteem. is generally adaptive to the individual because it maintains self-confidence and minimizes depression. tends to prevent the individual from viewing others with compassion and understanding. D) tends not to characterize people who have experienced unconditional positive regard. Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. C 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. D 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. B 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. D 49. D 50. A 51. C 52. A 53. B 54. C 55. B 56. C 57. C 58. D 59. D 60. C 61. B