4 Development TEST Review and Study Guide

Name: Ladies and gentlemen: Never take these notes as complete…this is a review section and no replacement for class notes. Developmental Psychology: the study of the physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan; CONCEPTION - DEATH THREE BIG ISSUES 1. Nature/Nurture: How do our genetic inheritance (our nature) and our experience in our environment (the nurture we receive) affect our development? 2. Continuity/Stages: Is development a gradual continuous process like riding an escalator, or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages, like climbing a staircase? 3. Stability/Change: Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do they change significantly as we age? PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Conception A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuse to form one fertilized cell. Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company 8 Zygote: the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. Embryo: the developing person from about 2 weeks following conception through the 2nd month. Fetus: the developing person from 9 weeks after conception to birth. Neonate: A newborn infant. Teratogens: chemicals or viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Ψ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's drinking. INFANCY & CHILDHOOD Reflexes: sucking, grasping, & rooting (a baby's tendency when touched on the cheek, to open it's mouth and search for a nipple). Maturation: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relative uninfluenced by the environment. Cognition: refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Schema: according to Piaget, a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. The lens through which we see and interpret the world around us. 1 Name: Assimilation: Interpreting one's new experiences in terms of one's existing schemas. versus Accommodation: changing or adapting one's current schemas to incorporate new information and experiences. Refer to your physical development Handout for Milestones in dev. Check this out and STUDY IT!!!!!!!!!!!!! Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage: (birth to 2 yrs) stage during which infants know the world through their senses and motor activities. Ψ Object Permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived. Ψ Stranger Anxiety: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. Preoperational Stage: (2-7 yrs) stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend concrete logic. Ψ Egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another person's perspective or point of view Ψ Theory of Mind: people’s ideas about their own and other peoples' mental states. Concrete Operational Stage: (7-11 yrs) stage during which children gain the mental operations that allow them to logically about concrete events. Ψ Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Formal Operational Stage: (begins about 12 yrs) stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract events and develop the capacity for moral reasoning. 2 Name: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Typical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental Milestones Sensorimotor: Children experience the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, sucking, etc.) • • Object Permanence Stranger Anxiety About 2 to 6 years Preoperational: Children represent things with words and images, but lack logical reasoning. • • • • • Pretend Play Egocentrism Language Development Private Speech Theory of Mind About 6 years to 11 years Concrete Operational: Children can think logically about concrete events and can perform arithmetical operations. However, they have problems with abstract thought (i.e., analogies and metaphors). • • • Logical Thought Conservation Mathematical Transformations Reversibility Formal Operational: Individuals can logically explore both concrete and abstract concepts. They can systematically think about all possibilities, project into the future or recall the past, and reason by analogy and metaphor. • • Birth to about 2 years About 12 to Adulthood • Abstract Reasoning Potential for Mature Moral Reasoning Attachment Ψ Attachment: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Ψ Imprinting: As described by Lorenz, the process by which certain animals (not humans) form attachments during a critical period early in life. It is mainly seen in birds (i.e., a newly hatched chick will follow the first moving object it sees). Ψ Critical Period: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. *In his study with baby monkeys and cloth or wire "mothers", Harlow found that body contact not nourishment was most important in the formation of attachment in the baby monkeys. The most important psychological task for the infant is called attachment, meaning the Attachment is normally established by 8 months or so: Ψ Signs of attachment include separation anxiety, which is common between 6 and 18 months old Ψ And stranger anxiety, which is common between 8 months and 24 months. 3 Name: It was assumed that infants would attach to those who feed them, this is not so. This was part of the ’08 Free Response - Harlow and Bowlby, Lorenz and Ainsworth********* Social Development Theories There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowlby(father of attachment theory) proposed one of the earliest theories of social development: Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life. John Bowlby - Attachment Theory Attachment is a special emotional relationship that involves an exchange of comfort, care, and pleasure. Attachment is perhaps the greatest social accomplish in an infant’s development!! 4 Name: John Bowlby devoted extensive research to the concept of attachment, describing it as a “…lasting psychological connectedness between human beings". Bowlby shared the psychoanalytic view (Freud) early experiences in childhood have an important influence on development and behavior later in life. Ψ Our early attachment styles are established in childhood through the infant/caregiver relationship. Harry and Margaret HARLOW: Ψ In his study with baby monkeys and cloth or wire "mothers", Harlow found that body contact not nourishment was most important in the formation of attachment in the baby monkeys. Ψ Physical touch is crucial to attachment: Evolutionary Psychology: Ψ Konrad Lorenz - imprinting and critical period remember the ducks imprinting on the dog? Ψ Imprinting: As described by Konrad Lorenz, the process by which certain animals (not humans) form attachments during a critical period early in life. Ψ It is mainly seen in birds (i.e., a newly hatched chick will follow the first moving object it sees). Ψ Humans do not imprint but they do form fondness based on attachment Ψ Critical Period: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. Mary Ainsworth: Comparison of disrupted mother-child bonds to normal motherchild relationship showed that a child's lack of a mother figure leads to "adverse development effects." 5 Name: Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation" Assessment Based on these observations, Ainsworth concluded that there were three major styles of attachment: 1. Secure Attachment – 2. Ambivalent attachment – being researched And 6 Name: 3. Insecure Attachment(in the bottom table Insecure (= avoidment_– Insecure attachment Parenting Styles Diane Baumrind Authoritarian: Parents who impose rules and expect unquestioned obedience. Permissive: Parents who submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment. Authoritative: Parents who are both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons and, especially with older children, encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions to the rules when appropriate. ADOLESCENCE Physical Development Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. Primary Sex Characteristics: the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. Secondary Sex Characteristics: non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. Menarche: the first menstrual period. Cognitive Development: An important aspect of cognitive development in teens is the ability to form moral judgments. Kohlberg outlined the Stages of Moral Development 1. Preconventional Morality: (before age 9) the morality of self-interest. Children obey either to avoid punishment or to obtain rewards. 2. Conventional Morality: (early adolescence) upholding the laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules. Or obey rules to obtain social approval and avoid social disapproval. 7 Name: 3. Postconventional Morality: affirmation of people's agreed upon rights or following what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles. Social Development Identity: one's sense of self. According to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. Intimacy: according to Erikson, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. 8 Name: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate Age Description of Developmental Task Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust: During the first year, babies are torn between trusting and mistrusting their parents. If the baby’s needs are dependably met, they will develop a sense of basic trust in the predictability of their environment. Otherwise, frustrated infants may become suspicious, fearful, and overly concerned about security. (1st Year) Toddler (2nd Year) Preschooler (3-5 years) Elementary School (6 years to puberty) Adolescence Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt: Due to children’s growing physical development, they begin to have greater contact with their surroundings. They learn to hold things, manipulate objects, and control their excretory functions. If a child repeatedly fails to master skills during this stage, the child may experience self-doubt and shame. Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks, carry out plans, and undertake new projects. Parental support for these initiatives can lead to a sense of joy in the children. However, if children are unable to acquire a sense of initiative, they may develop strong feelings of guilt, unworthiness, and resentment. Competence (or "Industry") vs. Inferiority: At home and school, children encounter a new set of expectations. They need the skills to become fully-functioning adults. If the are unable to meet these expectations, they may conclude that they are inadequate, mediocre, or inferior and lose faith in their power to become competent. Identity vs. Role Confusion: At puberty, childhood ends and adulthood begins. The critical problem at this stage is to find one’s identity. Failure to forge an identity leads to role confusion and despair. (teen years into early 20’s) Young Adulthood (20’s to early 40’s) Middle Adulthood (40’s to 60’s) Late Adulthood (Late 60’s and up) 9 Intimacy vs. Isolation: During this stage, men and women must learn to be intimate (physically and emotionally) with another adult. Usually, this occurs in the form of marriage. Erikson felt we must have resolved earlier developmental issues in order to become intimate. To form an intimate relationship, lovers must be trusting, autonomous, capable of initiative, and must understand themselves. Failure at intimacy can bring a painful sense of loneliness and isolation. Generativity vs. Stagnation: During this stage, the challenge is to remain productive and creative in all aspects of one’s life. People who have successfully negotiated the earlier 6 stages are likely to find meaning and joy in all aspects of their lives—career, family, community, etc. For others, life becomes a drab routine. Integrity vs. Despair: As people get older, they must come to terms with the approach of death. People who have gained full maturity by resolving earlier stages possess the integrity to face death with a minimum of fear. Name: ADULTHOOD & AGING Menopause: the time of natural cessation of menstruation and decline in the woman's ability to reproduce. Alzheimer's Disease: a progressive, irreversible, and fatal brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning. Cognitive Development Aging and Intelligence Cross-sectional Studies: researchers test and compare people of various ages. Early studies of this type showed a significant decline in intelligence as a person aged. Longitudinal Studies: researchers test and retest the same group of subjects over a long period of time. Studies of this type do not show a decline in intelligent and are likely more accurate than the crosssectional studies. Crystallized Intelligence: (measured as verbal IQ) one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; it tends to increase with age. Fluid Intelligence: (measures as non-verbal IQ) one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; it tends to decrease with age. Social Development Generativity vs Stagnation: According to Erikson, people in middle age discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Integrity vs Despair: when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. DEATH AND DYING Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified 5 stages that terminally ill people may pass through. They are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, & acceptance: DABDA Successful Aging 83 10 Name: Chapter 4 Study Guide and Answers 11 Name: 1. Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A) social B) cognitive C) developmental D) experimental 2. Which is the correct order of stages of prenatal development? A) zygote, fetus, embryo B) zygote, embryo, fetus C) embryo, zygote, fetus D) embryo, fetus, zygote 3. A child can be born a drug addict because: A) drugs used by the mother will pass into the child's bloodstream. B) addiction is an inherited personality trait. C) drugs used by the mother create genetic defects in her chromosomes. D) the fetus's blood has not yet developed a resistance to drugs. 4. A child whose mother drank heavily when she was pregnant is at heightened risk of: A) being emotionally excitable during childhood. B) becoming insecurely attached. C) being born with the physical and cognitive abnormalities of fetal alcohol syndrome. D) addiction to a range of drugs throughout life. 5. The rooting reflex occurs when a: A) newborn's foot is tickled. B) newborn's cheek is touched. C) newborn hears a loud noise. D) newborn makes eye contact with his or her caregiver. 6. When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by: A) conservation. B) nature. C) nurture. D) continuity. 7. Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychology professor with his knowledge of infant motor development, asks why some infants learn to roll over before they lift their heads from a prone position, while others develop these skills in the opposite order. What should Calvin's professor conclude from this question? A) Calvin clearly understands that the sequence of motor development is not the same for all infants. B) Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about. Although some infants reach these developmental milestones ahead of others, the order is the same for all infants. C) Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling over is an inherited reflex, not a learned skill. D) Calvin understands an important principle: motor development is unpredictable. 8. Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that: A) cognitive development lags significantly behind motor skills development. B) maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience. C) in the absence of relevant earlier learning experiences, the emergence of motor skills will be slowed. D) in humans, the process of maturation may be significantly altered by cultural factors. 9. Most people's earliest memories do not predate ________ of age. A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 4 years 8 Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that: A) the child's mind is a miniature model of the adult's. B) children think about the world in radically different ways from adults. C) the child's mind develops through a series of stages. D) children interpret their experiences in terms of their current understandings. 11. Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational C) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational D) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational 12. During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational 12 Name: C) concrete operational D) formal operational 13. I am 14 months old and fearful of strangers. I am in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational 14. As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered: A) the schema for liquids. B) the concept of object permanence. C) the concept of conservation. D) the ability to reason abstractly. 15. Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the: A) sensorimotor stage. B) preoperational stage. C) concrete operational stage. D) formal operational stage. 16. I am 3 years old, can use language, and have trouble taking another person's perspective. I am in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational 17. Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. When asked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer ________; when asked if his sister has a brother, Jamail is likely to answer ________. A) yes; yes B) no; no C) yes; no D) no; yes 18. In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage. A) sensorimotor; formal operational B) formal operational; sensorimotor C) preoperational; sensorimotor D) concrete operational; preoperational 19. Compared to when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings. This growing ability to take another's perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a: A) self-concept. B) schema. C) temperament. D) theory of mind. 20. In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of: A) conservation. B) deduction. C) attachment. D) object permanence. 21. Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeating her 11-year-old brother at a detective game that requires following clues in order to deduce the perpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explain Irene's superiority at the game? A) Being older, Irene has had more years of schooling. B) Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than boys. C) Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to develop abstract reasoning skills. D) Girls typically have more experience than boys at playing games. 22. According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of: A) preoperational thought. B) concrete operations. C) formal operations. D) fluid intelligence. 23. Stranger anxiety develops soon after: A) the concept of conservation. B) egocentrism. C) a theory of mind. 13 Name: D) the concept of object permanence. Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that: A) provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment. B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. C) whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants. D) attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting. 25. In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first “object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of: A) conservation. B) imprinting. C) egocentrism. D) basic trust. 26. The term critical period refers to: A) prenatal development. B) the initial 2 hours after a child's birth. C) the preoperational stage. D) a restricted time for learning. 27. Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will: A) hold fast to their mothers on their return. B) explore the new surroundings confidently. C) be indifferent toward their mothers on their return. D) display little emotion at any time. 28. Joshua and Ann Bishop have a 13-month-old boy. According to Erikson, the Bishops' sensitive, loving care of their child contributes to: A) the child's sense of basic trust. B) the child's secure attachment. C) the child's sense of control. D) a. and b. only. 29. The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is: A) Piaget. B) Harlow. C) Vygotsky. D) Erikson. 30. Which of the following was not found by Harlow in socially deprived monkeys? A) They had difficulty mating. B) They showed extreme fear or aggression when first seeing other monkeys. C) They showed abnormal physical development. D) The females were abusive mothers. 31. Adolescence is marked by the onset of: A) an identity crisis. B) parent-child conflict. C) the concrete operational stage. D) puberty. 32. The average age at which puberty begins is ________ in boys; in girls, it is ________. A) 14; 13 B) 13; 11 C) 11; 10 D) 10; 9 33. Among the hallmarks of growing up are a boy's first ejaculation and a girl's first menstrual period, which is also called: A) puberty B) menopause. C) menarche. D) generativity. 34. Based on the text discussion of maturation and popularity, who among the following is probably the most popular sixth grader? A) Jessica, the most physically mature girl in the class B) Roger, the most intellectually mature boy in the class C) Rob, the tallest, most physically mature boy in the class D) Cindy, who is average in physical development and is on the school debating team 24. 14 Name: 35. Which of the following is correct? A) Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage. B) Early-maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late. C) Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage. D) Early-maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late. 36. Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical dilemmas? A) Erikson B) Piaget C) Harlow D) Kohlberg 37. To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain? A) preconventional morality B) conventional morality C) postconventional morality D) generative morality 38. Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in? A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) too little information to tell 39. In preconventional morality, the person: A) obeys out of a sense of social duty. B) conforms to gain social approval. C) obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. D) follows the dictates of his or her conscience. 40. Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) It does not account for the fact that the development of moral reasoning is culture-specific. B) Postconventional morality appears mostly in educated, middle-class persons. C) The theory is biased against the moral reasoning of people in communal societies such as China. D) The theory is biased in favor of moral reasoning in men. 41. According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are: A) identity formation; intimacy; generativity. B) intimacy; identity formation; generativity. C) generativity; intimacy; identity formation. D) intimacy; generativity; identity formation. 42. In Erikson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing ________ during adolescence and then ________ during young adulthood. A) identity; intimacy B) intimacy; identity C) basic trust; identity D) identity; basic trust 43. After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry because he is afraid of losing his freedom and independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the psychosocial task of: A) trust versus mistrust. B) autonomy versus doubt. C) intimacy versus isolation. D) identity versus role confusion. 44. After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes: A) more positive in boys. B) more positive in girls. C) more positive in both boys and girls. D) more negative in both boys and girls. 45. Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open with her friends than with her family. Knowing this is the case, Cassandra's parents should: A) be concerned, because deteriorating parent-adolescent relationships, such as this one, are often followed by a range of problem behaviors. B) encourage Cassandra to find new friends. C) seek family counseling. 15 Name: D) not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence. 46. Research on social relationships between parents and their adolescent children shows that: A) parental influence on children increases during adolescence. B) high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers tend to enjoy the most intimate friendships with girlfriends. C) high school boys who have the most affectionate relationships with their fathers tend to enjoy the most intimate friendships with friends. D) most teens are strongly influenced by parents in matters of personal taste. 47. Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true? A) Aging almost inevitably leads to dementia if the individual lives long enough. B) Aging increases susceptibility to short-term ailments such as the flu. C) Significant increases in life satisfaction are associated with aging. D) The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns. 48. The end of menstruation is called: A) menarche. B) menopause. C) the midlife crisis. D) generativity. 49. After menopause, most women: A) experience anxiety and a sense of worthlessness. B) lose interest in sex. C) secrete unusually high levels of estrogen. D) feel a new sense of freedom. 50. In terms of incidence, susceptibility to short-term illnesses ________ with age and susceptibility to long-term ailments ________ with age. A) decreases; increases B) increases; decreases C) increases; increases D) decreases; decreases 51. Of the following, which is a possible cause of dementia? A) stroke B) brain tumor C) alcoholism D) all of the above are possible causes 52. Underlying Alzheimer's disease is a deterioration in neurons that produce: A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) serotonin. D) acetylcholine. 53. The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to: A) recall new information. B) recognize new information. C) learn meaningful new material. D) use judgment in dealing with daily life problems. 54. Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life? A) Adults in their forties have better recognition memory than do adults in their seventies. B) Recall and recognition memory both remain strong throughout life. C) Recognition memory decreases sharply at midlife. D) Adults in their forties have better recall memory than do adults in their seventies. 55. The cross-sectional method: A) compares people of different ages with one another. B) studies the same group of people at different times. C) tends to paint too favorable a picture of the effects of aging on intelligence. D) is more appropriate than the longitudinal method for studying intellectual change over the life span. 56. Longitudinal tests: A) compare people of different ages. B) study the same people at different times. C) usually involve a larger sample than do cross-sectional tests. D) usually involve a smaller sample than do cross-sectional tests. 16 Name: 57. Cross-sectional studies of intelligence are potentially misleading because: A) they are typically based on a very small and unrepresentative sample of people. B) retesting the same people over a period of years allows test performance to be influenced by practice. C) they compare people who are not only different in age, but of different eras, education levels, and affluence. D) of all of the above reasons. 58. A person's general ability to think abstractly is called ________ intelligence. This ability generally ________ with age. A) fluid; increases B) fluid; decreases C) crystallized; decreases D) crystallized; increases 59. A person's accumulation of stored information, called ________ intelligence, generally ________ with age. A) fluid; decreases B) fluid; increases C) crystallized; decreases D) crystallized; increases 60. Sixty-five-year-old Calvin cannot reason as well as he could when he was younger. More than likely, Calvin's ________ intelligence has declined. A) analytic B) crystallized C) fluid D) both b. and c. 61. Notable achievements in fields such as ________ are often made by younger adults in their late twenties or early thirties, when ________ intelligence is at its peak. A) mathematics; fluid B) philosophy; fluid C) science; crystallized D) literature; crystallized 62. Deborah is a mathematician and Willie is a philosopher. Considering their professions: A) Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at an earlier age than Willie will. B) Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at a later age than Willie will. C) Deborah will make her most significant career accomplishments at about the same time as Willie. D) there is still not enough information for predicting such accomplishments. 63. Stage theories have been criticized because they fail to consider that development may be significantly affected by: A) variations in the social clock. B) each individual's experiences. C) each individual's historical and cultural setting. D) all of the above. 64. The social clock refers to: A) an individual or society's distribution of work and leisure time. B) adulthood responsibilities. C) typical ages for starting a career, marrying, and so on. D) age-related changes in one's circle of friends. 65. Research on the American family indicates that: A) fewer than 23 percent of unmarried adults, but nearly 40 percent of married adults, report being “very happy” with life. B) the divorce rate is now one-half the marriage rate. C) of those who divorce, 75 percent remarry. D) all of the above are true. 17 Name: 66. After their grown children have left home, most couples experience: A) the distress of the “empty nest syndrome.” B) increased strain in their marital relationship. C) both a. and b. D) greater happiness and enjoyment in their marital relationship. 67. Research on the relationship between self-reported happiness and employment in American women has revealed that: A) women who work tend to be happier. B) women who do not work tend to be happier. C) women today are happier than in the past, whether they are working or not. D) the quality of a woman's experience in her various roles is more predictive of happiness than the presence or absence of a given role. 68. Given the text discussion of life satisfaction patterns, which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction? A) Billy, a 7-year-old second-grader B) Kathy, a 17-year-old high-school senior C) Mildred, a 70-year-old retired teacher D) too little information to tell 69. An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of: A) generativity. B) intimacy. C) isolation. D) integrity. 70. The popular idea that terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages, such as denial, anger, and so forth: A) is widely supported by research. B) more accurately describes grieving in some cultures than others. C) is true of women but not men. D) is not supported by research studies. 71. Most contemporary developmental psychologists believe that: A) personality is essentially formed by the end of infancy. B) personality continues to be formed until adolescence. C) the shaping of personality continues during adolescence and well beyond. D) adolescent development has very little impact on adult personality. 72. Which of the following statements is consistent with the current thinking of developmental psychologists? A) Development occurs in a series of sharply defined stages. B) The first two years are the most crucial in determining the individual's personality. C) The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life span. D) Social and emotional style are among the characteristics that show the least stability over the life span. 18 Name: Answer Key - 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 19 C B A C B C B B D A A A A C B B C D D A C C D B 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. B D C A D C D B C C D D C B C A A A C C D B D B 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. D A D D A D A B C B D C A A D C D D D D D D C C