Step Up To Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology Chapter 8: Learning 1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog’s salivation to the bell is the:  A) unconditioned stimulus.  B) unconditioned response.  C) conditioned stimulus.  D) conditioned response. 317 2. Jimmy was frightened by a barking dog. For the next few months, he was afraid of all dogs. This is an example of:  A) stimulus generalization.  B) stimulus discrimination.  C) unconditioned response.  D) unconditioned stimulus. 320 3. After repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS, the CR will gradually disappear. This is called:  A) extinguished reaction.  B) extinction.  C) stimulus discrimination.  D) stimulus neutralization. 319 4. Once extinction has occurred, the CR may return if enough time has passed. This is an example of:  A) spontaneous remission.  B) stimulus generalization.  C) spontaneous recovery.  D) conditioned recurrence. 319 5. Which of the following would be an example of Classical Conditioning being applied to practical problems?  A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?  B) using methadone for heroine addicts  C) applying electric shock to depressed patients  D) giving alcoholics a drug to make them sick if they drink 323 6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule.  A) fixed-interval  B) variable-interval  C) fixed-ratio  D) variable-ratio 332 7. In ____, a response is strengthened in order to avoid something unpleasant.  A) punishment  B) negative reinforcement  C) partial reinforcement  D) positive reinforcement 329 8. Even when punishment changes behavior, it has several drawbacks, including:  A) punishment doesn’t teach the correct response.  B) punishment may result in fear of the one punishing.  C) effects may be only temporary.  D) all of the above. 333 9. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _____ reinforcement.  A) intermittent  B) delayed  C) continuous  D) negative 331 10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you would place some bird seed closer and closer to you until it finally had to come to your hand. This is called:  A) intermittent reinforcement.  B) shaping.  C) partial reinforcement.  D) continuous reinforcement. 328 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:  A) respondent behavior.  B) immediate reinforcement.  C) shaping.  D) modeling. 341 12. Albert Bandura contends that most human behavior:  A) is acquired through observational learning.  B) is shaped through repeated trial-and error.  C) is reinforced through positive conditioning.  D) is planned out and not accidental. 343 13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, he demonstrated:  A) aggressive children will imitate aggressive behavior.  B) children will imitate aggressive behavior just by observing it.  C) children who are non-aggressive will not imitate aggressive behavior.  D) children will imitate aggressive behavior is reinforced with candy. 343 14. Research on children viewing violence on TV is related to their own aggressive behavior in that:  A) there is only a “modest” correlation.  B) there is no real correlation between the two.  C) its effects are only temporary.  D) there is a positive and statistically significant correlation. 345 15. Based on what researchers have found about the effect of modeling on behavior,  A) we can decrease violence in our society if we decrease the amount of violence on TV.  B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we increase the amount of it on TV.  C) all of the above.  D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change the way people behave. 343 16. After a week at college, Kim has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. She has developed a:  A) visual memory.  B) perceptual delineation.  C) cognitive map.  D) retinal disparity. 334 17. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:  A) shaping.  B) latent learning.  C) spontaneous recovery.  D) computer-assisted instruction. 334 18. The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves:  A) spontaneous reinforcers.  B) spontaneous recovery.  C) intrinsic motivation.  D) latent learning. 335 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ______ in learning.  A) primary reinforcement  B) generalization  C) negative reinforcers  D) biological predispositions 336 20. According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant:  A) the response is strengthened.  B) the unpleasant stimulus is avoided.  C) the response is weakened.  D) the CR is extinguished. 327 21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:  A) generalization.  B) secondary reinforcement.  C) shaping.  D) latent learning. 320 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, children often learn that this action is associated with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:  A) latent learning.  B) intermittent reinforcement.  C) spontaneous recovery.  D) operant conditioning. 326 23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the use of _____ over _____.  A) shaping; modeling  B) reinforcement; punishment  C) spontaneous recovery; extinction  D) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 333 24: A child’s fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):  A) conditioned response.  B) unconditioned stimulus.  C) conditioned stimulus.  D) unconditioned response. 317 25. In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:  A) inherited predispositions.  B) unconscious conflicts.  C) faulty child-rearing practices.  D) a lack of moral values in contemporary society. 338 Answers 1. D 9. A 17. B 2. A 10. B 18. C 3. B 11. D 19. D 4. C 12. A 20. C 5. D 13. B 21. A 6. D 14. D 22. D 7. B 15. C 23. B 8. D 16. C 24. A 25. C