Apush Period 4 Key Concepts

APUSH PERIOD FOUR (1800-1848) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Use the space provided to write down specific details that could be used to discuss the key concepts. Key Concept 4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. 1. The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. A) In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. *Jeffersonians dedicated to reducing the powers of the federal government (allowed Alien and Sedition Acts, Bank of the United States to lapse; removed forty of Federalist "midnight appointments"; abolished all internal taxes, including the dreaded Whiskey Rebellion tax: reduced size of army: Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin lowered national debt in half, cut ties with Hamiltonian elites) *Jeffersonians, somewhat hypocritically, expanded the power of the federal government through the disaster of the Embargo Act of 1807, and the smashing success of the Louisiana Purchase (which then drove the Federalists in New England and New York to ponder secession in the Essex Junto of 1804, which led to Aaron Burr joining them, and then dueling with Alexander Hamilton-got milk? Federalists saw their power seriously threatened by new states in West and South that would almost certainly be Jeffersonian) *Jefferson was pro-French, until issue of New Orleans being blocked arose (Louisiana Purchase resolved this problem) Embargo Act, then Non-Intercourse Act, tried to ban and/or limit trade with Britain and France to try and stop them from interfering with American trade, as well as British impressment *War of 1812 deeply opposed by Federalists, who wanted to keep trading with Britain, and definitely did NOT want war. despite interference with trade and impressment: Jeffersonian War Hawks were westerners who wanted the war to go grab Canada, kill western Indians (Tecumseh and his brother Temskwatawa), and grab Florida (voting records show it was a "western war with eastern labels") Federalists blocked the War of 1812 in any way possible-refused to make loans to the government, refused to commit militias, refused to support tariffs to finance war, even celebrated British victories at times *Hartford Convention of 1814 toyed with secession, but instead proposed limiting the powers of the federal government (one term presidency, 60-day limit to trade embargoes, 2/3 vote to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit new states); Jackson's victory in New Orleans, and end of war, made them seem traitors Hamiltonian idea of protective tariff resurrected by Henry Clay in the aftermath of War of 1812; Tariff of 1816 (textiles) A) cont B) Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. C) By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Second Bank of the United States created in 1816 by Henry Clay and James Madison because they'd realized without a national bank, federal government couldn't run a war or economy effectively (Federalists ran the biggest state banks) Clay proposed internal improvements to expand infrastructure. but Madison vetoed on a strict Interpretation, and suggested a constitutional amendment to allow them Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review over presidential or congressional actions (judicial review over states already established, but Marbury firmed up the right) (next use on a federal level: 54 years later in the Dred Scott decision) *Fletcher v. Peck (1810) ruled that states could not overturn contracts previously agreed to (limits state power, protects investors from other states, encouraged investment from one state to another in a national economy) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) refused to allow New Hampshire to overturn charter for Dartmouth, to turn it into public university (a contract is a contract) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) denied the state of Maryland the right to tax a national institution (affirmed supremacy of national government; affirmed loose construction of the Constitution as the correct one, not strict interpretation Maryland wanted) Federalists collapse after War of 1812, but Republicans split Into two groups: the Jeffersonians morph into the Democratic-Republicans, which eventually become the Democrats, and the Nationalist Republicans, which eventually become the Whigs Nationalist Republicans adopt many of the Federalist positions, with Henry Clay and his American System (national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements) being very Hamiltonian; Whigs stand on the concept of a meritocracy, the self-made man of Franklin, the man of talent rising *"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824 drove a wedge between supporters of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson (and turned Henry Clay into a widely reviled figure for a certain segment of the population) *Jacksonian Democrats stand for the common man (as long as he's white), hostility to banks and federal power (usually), as well as Henry clay and his American System; tend to be pro-slave and states' rights Second Party System fully emerged in 1834 over hostility towards "King Andrew": Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun organized the Whig Party *Tariff issues drove much of their disagreements: 1824 tariff had raised protections on textiles above 1816 tariffs, but the 1828 tariff (promoted by Jacksonians so Jackson could win some New England and northern votes in 1828 election) became a trigger event, as South Carolina called it the Tariff of Abominations, because they bought British goods and thus paid a bigger chunk of taxes: South Carolina proceeded to threaten secession and 2 C. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. Market Revolution resulted when transportation networks were built in the 1820s to make delivery of supplies and goods faster, more efficient, and farther reaching National Road built by federal government from Mayrland through Illinois *Erie Canal the great breakthrough, ending the transportation bottleneck over the Appalachian Mountains when it was finished in 1825 [tled together the Northeast to the Northwest, both politically and economically, tying New England manufactured goods and western food, and allowing massive migration west, especially for Puritan descendants who moved entire towns and churches west) *national canal boom resulted throughout the North *rivers linked together the West, but invention of steamboat by Robert Fulton critical, because steamboats could go upstream *water power eventually replaced by coal-driven steam engines, on both land and sea railroads eventually became the dominant transportation network, eventually displacing canals and river travel *Cities and manufacturing spread across the North as a result (much less so than in the South, which stayed committed to slavery and agriculture) Samuel F. B. Morse's invention of telegraph offered first rapid communication network, facilitating trade and exchange of information Cyrus McCormick's reaper dramatically expanded a farmer's ability to reap grain from 2 acres a day, to 12 acres a day *John Deere's steel plow allowed more production, and also let the Great Plains be farmed (dense mat of vegetation couldn't be cut easily with old iron plows) *New York City used the Erie Canal to seize the leadership in the American economy, and rapidly dominated foreign and domestic trade *protective tariffs passed in 1816, 1824, and 1828 helped emerging American businesses to compete more effectively with British New York building the Erie Canal (merchants and Governor De Witt Clinton agreed to use tax revenue to pay for it, with Irish immigrants doing the grunt work) other states also financed canal building, especially in the North, which emerged as a political, cultural, and economic juggernaut as a result, replacing the South as the richest, most politically powerful area of the country [one could argue this is, along with slavery, the cause of the Civil War] *tederal government building the National Road federal government established Post Office, facilitating spread of information Gibbons v. Ogden saw the Supreme Court expanding the definition of commerce, and securing control of interstate trade for Supreme Court 11 cont II. The changes caused by the market revolution and family relations A. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture, instead they distant markets. supported themselves producing goods for B. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring *states issued charters for railroads, helping to get them built, and further tying the Northern states together had significant effects on U.S. society, workers' lives, and gender *Lowell Mill girls (given parental-style chaperones, taken to church, watched over for moral behavior) our first factory labor force *replaced by poor Irish immigrants *outwork system engaged many farmers and wives in helping in production process, or in making cheeses for sale *workers begin working for pay instead of living off their own production * early unionization efforts resulted from dissatisfaction with employer treatment (Lowell Mill girls even struck) and from Panic of 1937 *typically, courts ruled against unions and strikes, but Commonwealth v. Hunt, from the Massachusetts Supreme Court, was an exception in ruling unions had right to strike standard of living rose for the middle class, but a new working class poor also emerged, along with an extremely wealthy class on top of the social ladder "Prior to Industrial Revolution, a common culture was typically shared by the entire social ladder, now, the rich lived away from means of production, and set themselves apart by their clothing, housing, neighborhoods, and pastimes *Middle class saw a substantial rise in income, allowing them to purchase luxuries only afforded by rich previously; they adopted genteel culture of books, art, pianos, servants, furnaces for heat and hot water, ovens, iceboxes, sewing machines, packaged goods; children were now educated through high school, and taught to pursue a career, a calling: Franklin's autobiography became huge bestseller, and a role model of the self-made man(the title everybody bought was the Way to Wealth) Slaves and working class poor on the bottom of the social ladder, with little chance of escape; immigrants often filled this class *Poor barely survived, always living on the edge of economic failure; debt a common thing for the poor; manufactured goods not affordable, nor was education, since children had to go to work; they lived in overcrowded, unsafe conditions, and slums emerged in cities; alcohol consumption high, even on the job; crime rampant *Men and women separated during the day, as men went to work somewhere else, and women remained at home. separate sphere/cuit of domesticity [see 1.1.III.C above 12 C. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. particularly with the growth of definitions of