Progressive Era 1900-1906 Study Guide

progressives were women, middle-class, and ppl form urban areas -cities grew rapidly, increasing demand for farm goods (mechanized farming) -entered “golden age”. Cities grew alongside farms. Explosive economic growth from increased industrialization, rise in population, and the growing consumer marketplace. -disease in cities -unsanitary water -meat packing industry -extra money, more goods, mass consumption -leisure activities were popular: amusement parks, movies, sports, parks -new understanding of economic freedom -increased advertising -standard of living changes and goes up - “American Standard of Living”: a new language for criticizing the inequalities of wealth & power. -millions of immigrants, many mexicans came to america -to escape poverty, taxation, war, persecution, military draft -american protective association -anti-catholic -stop immigration -immigration restriction league -advocated screening of immigrants -chinese exclusion act prohibited chinese immigration -college educated, working, married women rose -new independence -feminism -should women be mothers or workers? -women clubs allowed women to organize and do social work -focus on child labor, working conditions, sanitations -jane addams created the hull house, a settlement house to improve lives of immigrants, poor, women -florence kelley: from the hull house; advocated for increased rights for women, children, & African Americans -leader of National Consumer League (boycotted goods made by children) -women suffrage; women gained more rights to vote in more states -1908 Muller v. Oregon case, Luis D. Brandeis demonstrated that women should have less long hours of labor because it was dangerous for them. Because they could bear children. The gov showed interest in their working conditions. -production increased, workers autonomy decreased (workers claimed they were limiting freedom) -assembly lines, high wages -progressives supported more power through unions -socialism emerged -wanted free college, gov regulation of working conditions, corporations -saw most success in local and state elections -eugene debs -International Workers of the World (IWW) : 1905 group of unionists who rejected AFL’s exclusionary policies. -socialist union -wanted to organize all workers -led by William Haywood -American Federation of Labor (AFL) -Samual Gompers was leader -collective bargaining (negotiation between worker and boss) instead of direct action -Progressives wanted gov to combat power of corporations, protect consumers, regulate workplace (against monopolies & trusts) -muckrakers: journalists who exposed corruption; societal ills. (bosses profited from political corruption). called for reforms -Ida B Wells: (African-Americans) brought awareness to lynching -Ida Tarbell harsh treatment of other businesses by standard oil company -Jacob Riis: how the other half lives photographed poor immigrant living conditions in NYC -Lewis Hine - photographed child laborers in factories and mines - helped limi child labor -Lincoln steffens municipal (city) gov & businesses -Upton Sinclair the jungle, meat inspection -David G. Phillips treason of senate -Frank Norris: The Octopus - railroad corruption -Most reforms happened at a local and state level -funding Public Schools, control of Public Utilities -reduce power of political bosses in choosing leaders, direct election of senators -initiatives referendums reforms empowered voters in legislative and election processes -experts who studied data and research to manage the country -Robert Lafollete (governor of wisconsin & then senator) was important in progressive politics -direct primary (ppl to vote for presidential candidates), initiative (citizens can introduce a law), referendum (citizens can vote on a law), & recall (can get rid of an elected official) *STATE REFORMS* -wisconsin experiment -giving qualified, knowledgeable people more rights for control and voting could overpower -progressives - middle class city dwellers, women -direct, purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs -regulate/break up trusts -social gospel: protestantism to improve city life -key voting reforms at state levels -initiative: voters can propose legislation -referendum: final approval of laws would be approved by voters -recall: voters can remove elected officials -secret australian ballot: no one would see who a voter votes for -direct election (17th amendment): individuals control election of US senators instead of state legislatures -decline in voter turnout because political parties weren’t as demanding to vote -factory fire starts and kills many women, children, immigrant workers because it was not built to escape fires, kickstarted progressive movement -blacks rights in progressive era were often ignored -temperance and prohibition -drunkenness, abuse, showing up to work drunk -18th amendment (prohibition) was passed in 1919; influenced by WCTU - a progressive failure -theodore roosevelt -sherman antitrust act - got rid of bad trusts -anthracite coal mines, workers were striking and TR told owners to negotiate with them (roosevelt sided against owners) -hepburn act limited bribery by railroads (Interstate Commerce Commission got power to regulate railroad rates & books) -pure food and drug act, meat inspection act -forms progressive party -conservation -TR’s biggest achievement; conservation moment became a federal policy -forest reserve act: president can set aside forests and parks -newamendmentlands act of 1902: D.C. could use money from sale of land for irrigation projects -succession from TR goes to william taft -Theodore Roosevelt’s square deal -conservation of natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act - irrigation projects) -control of corporations (control trusts; regulate them) -consumer protection (pure food & drug act, meat inspection act) -sided with unions, signed pure food and drug act and bills to promote conservation -the big stick diplomacy by teddy roosevelt -civilized nations could intervene in uncivilized nations -William Taft (president after Roosevelt; disappointed him- broke up “good trusts & fired Pinchot) - was real “trust buster” -broke up corporations if they stifled competition - he pursued antitrust policy aggressively -ratification of 16th amendment (graduated income tax - the higher the income, the more tax one pays) -conserved more land -election of 1912 -woodrow wilson (democrat) won -New Freedom: signed stronger antitrust laws, right to unionize, empower small businesses, lower Tariffs (underwood tariff) -16th amendment = graduated income tax -federal reserves act: increase and decrease money su -clayton antitrust act: gives more power to sherman antitrust act, *unique* - unions could not be prosecuted -wilson doesn’t support women's suffrage -A second expansion of national power 1915, Congress established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prohibit “unfair” business practices. (price fixing & monopoly). -US projected power beyond borders -marines in carribean -T Roosevelt oversaw the creation panama canal -roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine allowed US to have police power in western hemisphere -Taft and Dollar Diplomacy encouraging US business to get involved in other countries -wilson and moral diplomacy and imperialism where countries should do the right thing or the US would put pressure on them -US troops intervened in the Mexican American War -Americans and WWI (see separate section below) -Wilson reelected 1916. German submarines (u-boats) sank several US ships. Britain intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram (Germany asking Mexico to enter war against US). US joins the allies. Congress voutes for war in 1917. Wilson gave fourteen points on the war aims. ww1 -long term causes -militarism -massive build up of arms and ownership of them -militaristic people have prominent roles in government -alliance system -triple entent (Britain + France) -vx. Triple alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary) -nationalism -pride for country -desire for your own country and power over it -the spark -assassination of Archduck Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gaurilo Princip from Serbia (part of Black Hand terrorist group supported by Serb government) -June 28, 1914 -Slavs wanted to break away from AH into a kingdom -Germany gives AH the blank check (unlimited funding) to defeat Serbia -July 28, 1914: war declared between AH and Serbia, alliances created (there was no reason for war) -reasons U.S. entered the war -woodrow wilson issues a proclamation of Neutrality of 1914 -sinking of passenger ship Lusitania 1915: Germans were destroying ships out at sea, shot British/American ship and killed many. The ship was shipping weapons to the British for war. -zimmerman telegram 1917: Germany wanted alliance with MX so they could regain TX, AZ, New MX against the U.S. -bank loans: $35 million given to central powers; $350 million to allies -The war at home -progressives wanted it as a chance to reform america and spread views worldwide -selective service act 1917: millions were required to enter draft -propaganda (Committee on Public Information, posters, articles, speeches) -Women and WWI -women involved in war effort -national women's party: used tactics to get the US to care about suffrage -alice paul had hunger strikes, protests to give women rights, wrote equal rights amendment -repression of liberty in wartime -espionage act and sedition act restricted speech, press, government -affected socialists, IWW, laborers, foreign publications -coercive patriotism -neighbors were spying on neighbors deemed unpatriotic -american protective league (APL) was organized to rat people out -immigrants were assimilated TREATY OF VERSAILLES country leader Paris peace conference (what they wanted) Treaty of versailles (what they got) britain David lloyd george -national security -strip germany of war making power -germany treated harshly for war consequences -gained trans-jordan, iraq, palestine as mandates france Georges Clemenceau -the return of Alsace-Lorraine -national security -regained Alsace Lorraine -gained Lebanon and Syria as mandates -won the right to work the rich mines of the Saar basin for 15 years United states Woodrow wilson -to make the world safe for democracy -end warfare “the war to end all wars” -14 points -league of nations -freedom of seas -open diplomacy -no secret trades -colonialism -only the 14th point, formation of League of Nations, was formed (eventually U.S. rejected because it fears losing control to entangling alliance) Germany Wimer Republic -not invited -war guilt -military restrictions -territorial losses -excluded from league of nations WARREN G. HARDING -wanted a return to normalcy -budget and accounting act gave executive financial power -died in office, short lived period of grief because of scandals like Teapot Dome -coolidge becomes new president (silent call) SACCO AND VANZETTI -raised questions about civil liberties -comes after red scare when people were scared about communists taking over -anti-immigrant tension, italians were not considered to be whites -anarchism is a legit viewpoint where one thinks that society is able to be order so that no federal power is needed, believed by Sacco + Vanzetti -anarchists had pamphlets that they would pass out, persecuted for doing so -Luigi Galleoni was a leading anarchist, allowing Sacco + Vanzetti to be more violent -bombs were placed in the mail, Sacco and vanzetti were blamed for it even though there was no evidence for it -many of their appeals were denied, likely because of hate towards immigrants -prohibition and the 18th amendment were abandoned -racial issues -there was a fear of whites losing power, increased demands for americanization, melting pot -language, clothes and food of immigrants were americanized (especially germans) through literacy tests etc -eugenics argued that states should be able to restrict who is able to reproduce in order to assure that “alpha races” increased -blacks did not get benefits from progressives reform -segregation was seen as natural -WEB Dubois -blacks should have political, civil, economic rights, not assimilate into white society -demanded immediate end to segregation -niagara movement, NAACP national association for the advancement of colored people (challenged racial laws) -wanted blacks to join the war to show that they deserved unity with america and were dedicated -great migration -demand for laborers in north, move from south to north -racism and economic competition lead to conflict -garveyism: led Marcus Garvey -self determination -grant blacks recognition after WWI -1919 world wide upheaval -USSR, communist russia -red scare 1919-1920, a fear that US would be taken over by communists -flu epidemic killed many -Versailles Treaty -League of Nations -Sacco-Vanzetti Case -more people living in cities, new technologies, higher standard of living -welfare capitalism by henry ford -shorter work week, higher wages, vacations -women worked pink collar jobs that were lower paying -debated over equal rights amendment -Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1923 decision overturning a minimum wage law for women -blacks had the dirty jobs (janitor, dishes) -philip Randolph -increased wages, shorter working hours -civil rights leader -japanese americans had limited rights and difficulties buying land -farmers had production outweighing demand, but they didn’t stop producing -consumer culture, spending on new appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, cars, magazines -Jazz Singer was the first movie that had sound and talking -flappers -shorter dresses, dancing, party, drank, smoked -Mcnary-Haugen bill -American Civil Liberties Union -Schenck v. United States -increase in education -lost generation -criticized middle class ideals -ernest hemingway -H.L. mencken -”new negro” -harlem renaissance -promoted african american culture through poetry, music, jazz, literature, art -langston hughes -nativism -emergency quota act 1921: restricted the amount of immigration so that there could only be 3% immigrating of who was already there -immigration act: cut the quota act to 2% -end of an era of unrestricted immigration -KKK emerged -anti-immigrant -anti-black -scopes trial -violated a law by teaching evolution -found guilty and had to pay fine -fueled religion/fundamentalism vs. secularism/modernism (not connected to church) -end to progressive legislation by Warren G’s Return to Normalcy -teapot dome scandal -secretary of interior transferred land to his department, leased land to oil companies, took $100,000 in bribes -illegal alien -warren G harding dies as president and calvin coolidge becomes president -advocated laissez faire -great depression -october 29, 1929 the stock market crashed -causes -prosperity based on a few industries -unequal distribution of wealth -farmers deeply in debt, production outweighed demand -high protective tariffs -bank crisis -many banks closed, money supply decreased -people -industrial north was hit hard -unemployment rates skyrocketed -charities and relief organizations couldn’t keep up -dust bowl -droughts, wind, overcultivation -mid-US -john steinback wrote the grapes of wrath -blacks -most blacks were unemployed -segregation was still a thing -scottboro case: blacks were accused of race, placed in jail -minorities -mexican americans were forced out of country -asians were discriminated -women had pressures not to work if their husband did -did not benefit from relief programs -decline in birth rates -art -dorothea lange (photographer) -radio was a source of entertainment (FDR’s fireside chats) -soap operas, plays, news -spanish civil war (1936-1939) -hoover -stock market crashed while he was president -urged volunteerism -feared deficit spending where the government spends more money than is coming in -hoovervilles were shanty towns -reconstruction finance corporation tried to provide loans to banks, railroads, businesses to boost economy, failed -veterans of WWI wanted bonuses (BEF) but they couldn’t get them and they camped out angry -election of 1932 -FDR vs. Hoover, FDR wins -new deal -in his first 100 days, FDR passed many new laws -frances perkins was the first female cabinet member -focused on banks, agriculture, businesses, unemployment -banking reform 1933 -bank holiday: closed banks, could not open until they proved to be sound and not bankrupt -glass steagall act: created FDIC, insured bank deposits up to $2,500 so that if the banks were to close you are guaranteed to get your money back - Emergency Banking Act -Hundred days -National Recovery Act -National Recovery Administration -agriculture and manufacturing -agricultural adjustment act: rectify overproduction by paying farmers not to grow crops -national recovery administration (NRA): industries agreed on prices and production quotas (declared unconstitutional) -unemployment -federal emergency relief administration: provided federal money to give to the states for relief programs -public works administration: construction projects -civil works administration: provided jobs to americans in the winter, construction -civilian conservation corps: outdoor work, conservation, planting trees, young men, segregated camps -housing crisis -many families lost their homes -federal housing administration: regulated interest rates -Congress of Industrial Organizations -sit-down strike -securities and exchange commission -regulated stock market, sought to prevent abuses -critics on the right -liberty league: criticized government spending -national association of manufacturers: used radio and media to promote anti FDR -schechter poultry v. US and Butler v. US declared NRA and AAA unconstitutional -critics on the populist left -francis townsend: proposed giving money to seniors each month, influenced social security -huey long: share our wealth by taxing the rich -1st new deal focused on economic recovery -2nd new deal focused on social justice and a safety net -wagner and social security act -unions lost many rights -wagner act: workers could join unions and could not be fired for joining the union -social security act: provided pensions for retired workers, compensation for unemployed and Disabled -new deal liberalism -classical liberalism: associated with free markets -1936 election -works progress administration: employed many and worked on construction projects -Alfred Landon challenged FDR, FDR won -welfare state -court battle and economic recession -in reaction to the supreme court declaring new deal programs unconstitutional, FDR wanted to change the court -court packing -proposed appointing a new judge for every judge over 70, rejected -roosevelt recession: FDR cut back on spending due to improved economy, went into a recession -keynesian economics: the gov must spend money in a depression to stimulate economy -women -elanor roosevelt: transformed image of first lady -paid less than men for the same jobs -CCC did not allow women to join -blacks -resettlement administration: helped small farmers buy land -blacks began to overwhelmingly vote democratic -CCC segregated blacks -lynching persisted -indians -john collier: commissioner of bureau of indian affairs -indian new deal -indian reorganization act: reversed assimilation of Dawes Act, given religious freedom, economic opportunities - popular front -environment -FDR wanted human benefit, not for land -dust bowl in great plains -tennessee valley authority: focused on flood control, electricity development -House Un-American Activities Committee -grand coulee dam -columbia river in washington -largest electricity producer in the world -a lot of artists were employed to bring art to the masses -legacies of new deal -social security -⅓ of population got gov assistance -change in voting patterns (unions, blacks, immigrants vote democratic) four freedoms -good neighbor policy -rise of fascism, an authoritarian gov with nationalism and militarism -neutrality act of 1935: US cannot sell weapons to belligerent (warring) countries -European intervention supporting loyalists against fascists in spanish civil war -failure of appeasement (giving into demands of aggressor) -munich conference: germany was given sudetenland from czech -PM Chamberlain said “there is peace for our time” with hitler -hitler left munich conference knowing that Europeans would not stand up to him and appease him -september 1, 1939 germany invaded poland -many americans supported britain and france -isolationism or internationalism? -committee to defend america advocated that US aided allies -america first committee: isolationists like charles lindbergh did not want intervention -FDR traded destroyers with Great Britain for military bases -first peacetime draft in history occurred in 1940 -4 freedoms speech by FDR: argued that there are freedoms that everyone should enjoy, linked the war with democracy -lend lease act: US could lend military supply to countries deemed vital to US security (Britain) -atlantic charter: FDR and Winston Churchill focused on post WWII goals, economic cooperation, self determination, political stability - axis powers -attack on pearl harbor -brings US into war -FDR releases a quarantine speech encouraging economic sanctions against japan in response to invasions in china -US froze japanese assets in US and placed an embargo on them -december 7, 1941 attack on pearl harbor -financing -revenue act of 1942: increased numbers of Americans paying taxes and borrowed money to pay for war - war productions board: encouraged businesses to begin military production (GM and Ford) (Henry Kaiser was a contractor who applied Ford’s mass production to ship construction) -fighting -15 million americans joined -blacks fought in segregated units -indians were code talkers who spread spy information -women -rosie the riveter: women were encouraged to help, paid less -civil rights -double v campaign: victory abroad against fascism, victory at home over racism, start of civil rights movement -a. Phillip randolph planned a march on Washington, led to executive order 8802 (forbid discrimination in defence industries based on race) -congress of racial equality -labor -national war labor board: established pay, hours, working conditions -smith connally act: prohibited strikes in defense industries -GI bill/servicemen's readjustment act: provided education, loans, mortgages, etc. for returning soldiers -americans helped out by recycling, building victory gardens, rationing -shortage of consumer goods encouraged savings -migration -millions moved during war, took jobs in factories, CA benefitted -race -zoot suit: popular clothing worn by Mexican American teenagers -zoot suit riot: conflict in socal between servicemen and mexican americans -LGBTQ communities emerged in large cities -executive order 9066 forced removal of japanese americans on the west coast to relocation camps during the war, most were american born japanese citizens, for fear that they were spies -big 3: FDR, Churchill, stalin -tehran conference: churchill and FDR areed to open a 2nd front in france -soviet union pushed germany out in 1944 -DDay: june 6, 1944 invasion of normandy by allies, turning point in war -holocaust -6 million jews killed -ss st. louis: US turned away a german ship with 1,000 jewish refugees -only 21,000 jewish refugees were allowed to enter US during the war -bracero program -Japanese-American internment -Korematsu v. United States -Second Great Migration -double-v -V-E day -battle of the midway: turning point, japanese pushed back -manhattan project: $2 billion project to build atomic bomb by J. Robert oppenheimer -july 16,1945 test in NM -hiroshima (august 6) and nagasaki (august 9) -potsdam conference (July 1945) allies called for unconditional surrender of japan -yalta conference: last meeting of big 3 -Bretton Woods Conference -Un -Atlantic Charter