Syntax - Handout

1 Syntax Syntax – the sentence structure of the passage, the arrangement of the words to form meaning. It includes whether the sentence structure relies on prepositional phrases, verbal phrases, clauses, or other structures. Consider the following: Sentence Length ● ● ● ● Telegraphic (fewer than five words) Short (approximately five words) Medium (approximately 18 words) Long and involved (30 words or more) Does length vary? Why is sentence length effective? How is it effective in this particular situation? How does the sentence structure fit the subject matter? Sentence Function ● declarative (assertive) makes a statement EXAMPLE: The king is sick. ● interrogative sentence asks a question EXAMPLE: Is the king sick? ● imperative sentence gives a command EXAMPLE: Stand up. ● exclamatory sentence makes an exclamation EXAMPLE: The king is dead! Sentence Structure ● simple sentence contains one subject and one verb EXAMPLE: The singer bowed to her adoring audience. ● compound sentence contains two independent/principal clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or) or by a semicolon EXAMPLE: The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores. ● complex sentence contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate/dependent clauses EXAMPLE: You said that you would tell the truth. ● compound-complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clause EXAMPLE: The singer bowed while the audience applauded, but she sang no encores. Rhetorical Devices ● loose sentence makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending; independent clauses come first, followed by any dependent clauses. EXAMPLE: We reached Edmonton that morning after a turbulent fight and some exciting experiences. ● periodic sentence makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached; dependent clauses precede independent clauses (provides sentence variety, emphasis) EXAMPLE: After a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences that morning, we reached Edmonton. 2 Syntax ● balanced sentence, the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness or structure, meaning, and/or length EXAMPLE: He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters. ● natural order of a sentence involves constructing sentences so the subject comes before the predicate EXAMPLE: Oranges grow in California. ● inverted order of a sentence (sentence inversion) involves constructing sentences so the predicate comes before the subject. This is a device in which normal sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect. EXAMPLE: In California grow oranges. ● split order of sentences divides the predicate into two parts with the subject coming in the middle EXAMPLE: In California oranges grow. ● juxtaposition is a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit EXAMPLE: “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” ● parallel structure (parallelism) refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased EXAMPLE: He was walking, running, and jumping for joy. ● repetition is a device in which words, sounds, and ides are used more than once for the purpose of enhancing rhythm and creating emphasis EXAMPLE: “…government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” ● rhetorical question is a question which expects no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement EXAMPLE: If Mr. Ferhoff is always fair, as you have said, why did he refuse to listen to Mrs. Baldwin’s argument? Examine sentence beginnings. Is there good variety or does a pattern emerge? Examine the arrangement of ideas in a sentence. Are they set out in a special way for a purpose? Examine the arrangement of ideas in a paragraph to see if there is any evidence of any patterns or structure. Other analysis questions: ● Are the sentences simple and direct or complex and convoluted? ● Does the author use repetition, parallel structure, or juxtaposition for emphasis? ● Does the author write periodic or cumulative sentences? ● Are there instances of balanced sentences or antithesis? ● Are there rhetorical questions in the passage? ● Is there a wide variety of sentence patterns in the passage? ● Are there dramatic shifts in sentence patterns? ● What can the reader infer about the speaker or speaker’s attitude from the syntax? ● What is the effect of long, complex sentences? What is the effect of short, choppy sentences?