Important Types of Drug Legislations

Additional FDIA Legisiation * Orphan Drug Act, 1983 - exclusive Sales rights for companies developing drugs for rare disorders aftliciting no more than 200,000 people - offers tax incentives • Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1981 - regulation of free Samples to physicians * 1997 FDIA Modernization Act - provided guddelines for: → postmarketing reporting by the companies of colverse effects " distribution of information to the physicians on off- label uses of drugs Dietary Supplements • 1994 Dietary Supplement Heath and Education ACt - labels must be accurate - products carit make unsubstantiated direct Claims - products can make general heatta claims Legistation of Controlled SubStances * eary enforcement - 1914 Harrison Act → NarcoMes Divisions Interpretation of Ict led to criminalization of drug use "physicians and pharmocists were arrested - 18th amendment that is alonol prohibited • Jones-Miller Act of 1922 - more than doubled the penalties for dealing in leguy imported drugs • Prison versus renanilitation -Congress deemed punisnment ineffective and estabisned "narcotic farms" for rehabilitation • Bureau of Narcotics - formed in 1930 in the Treasury Department - Harry Anslinger became the first "drug czar" - instrumental in passing tre Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 • Narcotic Control Act of 1956 - tougnest penalties to date • Drug Abuse Control Amendment of AUS - added new classes of drugs to the list of drugs that are to be controlled •Comprenensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 - replaced or updated au previous laws → in some cases, state and federal laws conflict - part of the law gave increased funding for: 4 research, treatment, and preventon efforts by Department of Health and Human Services - established direct control over drugs by Drug Enforcement AdminiStration or DEA → taxation was no longer a Strategy • Amendments to Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 19170 - 1986 -Stiffened penalties for possession and selling of drugs → Crack versus powder cocaine Sentencing - 1988 → Control of drug precursors 4 restricted firearms sales and chemicals used in the manufacture of drugs I established the Office of National Drug Control Policy State and Local Regulations • penalties differ from State to State - Significant growth in number of Americans in prison - increased awareness of high incarceration rate has recently led to a decline in prison population - United States still has a greater proportion of citizens in prison than other Countries Federal Support for Drug Screening • examples of tested populations - military and federal employees - transportation workers - employees at private companies - Students in public Schoors • testing method issues - different tests equal difierent results - rate of false -positive results, which indicate drug use when tre person did not actually take the drug being tested for - Some tests detect tre presence of drugs, but they do not tell anyting about te State of impairment of the individual at tu time of tue test Impact of Drug Enforcement- * budget - less than I billion dollars in 1980 - 27.6 billion dollars in 20k0 * international programs - DEM has agents in over 40 countries - uruguay recently legalized marivana. → United Nations has Criticized the Uruguay government for international treaty victations * Oter federal agencies involved in drug-control efforts - Department of Homeland Security - Federal Aviation Administration - Nattonal Park Service, Department of Agriculture, and Bureau of Land Management • Other costs - maintaining prisons and caring for prisoners - Crimes committed to purchase drugs - Corruption in law enforcement - Conflicting international paricy goals - loss of individual freedom Effectiveness of Control • approximately 10 to 15 percent of illegal drug supply is seized each year • when Supplies are restricted, prices go up •higher prices and increased dificulty in obtaining drugs may deter some users