Abstract
The study of geomorphology is an academic discipline related in explaining the earth’s surface and to understand the processes which create and modifies landforms. The geomorphology textbooks focusses on the detailed processes which takes places in the weathering of rocks and the transport of debris as landforms are created and destroyed. The global inspection reveals an imbalance of areas of lands and sea and almost infinite variation of shapes which illustrates the continental and oceanic areas. Geographers require the analysis of geomorphology as a basis to understand the land form development and regional synthesis. The main aim of this research is to analyse the areas of landmasses in 48 places. Histograms, boxplot and stem and leaf plot can be expressed from this data in different forms. Some properties of this distribution have been discussed in this research. [1] (Bridges, E. M., & Edwin Michael, B. (1990). World geomorphology. Cambridge University Press.)
Introduction
[bookmark: _Toc3979579][bookmark: _Toc3979736]The datasets in islands contain data about the surface area of continents and some large islands on Earth. This research is done to analyse the landmasses of different continents in the world. This research help us to categorises the world‘s major landmasses based on the surface area and different factors. A few steps of measures are carried out to handle this data of islands.
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Research Background
Research Questions:
- What type of data is this ?
- Does this data have largest and smallest landmasses?
- Does continental drift influence the landmasses?
Research Objectives :
- To find out how this data is distributed
- To find out the main seven continent on the planet based on the data given
- To study the relationship between continental drift and world’s landmasses
Literature review
The World’s major landmasses are the areas in thousands of square miles of the landmasses which exceed 10,000 square miles. A continuous area of land surrounded by ocean is called a “landmasses”. Landmasses consists of continent, supercontinent and islands. The large landmasses on Earth are called continents. A continent is a landmass that measures millions of square kilometres and rises a considerable distance above sea level. There are seven recognised continent on the planet; Africa, Antartica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. Plate tectonics is the study of movement of major land masses and the cause of continental drift. This continental movements cause isolation and create opportunities for migration. For example, Panamanian land bridge united the Americans and separated the central in The Great American Biotic Interchange. The physical features of landforms include slope, elevation, exposure of rock, stratification and rock type.
Research Methodology
First of all, descriptive analysis is carried out to understand how the data is distributed. This is a univariate data and also classified as categorical data with vector length of 48. Few steps of measures are carried out in r to analyse the data of islands:
- a) Vector length of data
- b) Measure of central tendency
- i) mean
- ii) median
- iii) mode
- c) Measures of position
- i) Quantile – Q1,Q2,Q3, IQR
- ii) The IQR of data
- d) Measure of Dispersion
- i) Range (smallest data, largest data, overall data)
- ii) Variance
- iii) Standard Deviation
- e) Plot
- i) histogram
- ii) box plot
- iii) stem and leaf plot
Results & Discussion
The vector length is calculated to estimate the median. As a next step, measures of central tendency to identify the location of the centre of various distributions. The mode is the observation that occurs most frequently. The median is the middle observation in the data. Mean is calculated to find the balancing point of this data. Measures of position is a method by which position of specific data values have within a given data can be identified. We can simplify the steps of finding each quantile in r as shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows the histogram of islands with its frequency. The value of Q2 and median should be the same.
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
12.00 20.50 41.00 183.25 16988.00
Table 1
The purpose of measures of dispersion is to find out how spread out the island data values on the number line. By plotting histogram, we can observe the range of landmasses with its frequency in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Box plot in Figure 2 shows the shape of the distribution and its central value which includes outlier. The box spans the interquartile range. By observing the box plot below, we can see the median is less than 50 which is 41 in precise in Figure 2.
Figure 2
ii) The boxplot without outlier:
Figure 3
Figure 3 shows the box plot of islands without outlier. This box plot has an outlier which exceeds 15000.
The stem and leaf plot is used to show the frequency with which certain classes of values occur :
The decimal point is 3 digit(s) to the right of the |
0 | 00000000000000000000000000000111111222338
2 | 07
4 | 5
6 | 8
8 | 4
10 | 5
12 |
14 |
16 | 0
Table 2
Figure 4
Based on Figure 4 , the seven major continents are Antartica, Asia , Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America. All these seven continents have the largest landmasses based on Figure 4.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the data of islands is univariate and categorical data. This research helps to find the seven major continents on Earth which are Antartica, Asia , Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America by using the graph in r. The development of physical method for the measurement of latitude and orientation results the discussion of continental drift. According to Continental Drift and Plate-Tectonics Theory , the world was made up of a single continent which eventually separated and drifted apart, forming into seven continents we have today.
References
- https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/datasets/versions/3.5.2/topics/islands
- https://www.eartheclipse.com/geology/what-are-landforms-and-major-types-of-landforms-on-earth.html
- Bridges, E. M., & Edwin Michael, B. (1990). World geomorphology. Cambridge University Press Continental Drift
- Runcorn, S. K. (Ed.). (2013). Continental drift (Vol. 3). Elsevier.
- Plate tectonics study of movement of major land https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4jjuq8/Plate-tectonics-o-Study-of-movement-of-major-land-masses-cause-of-continental/
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