Coconut Husk for Heavy Metal Adsorption in Flowing Fluid

Introduction

Coconut husk is a waste product in the coconut industry and has a capability of being an adsorbent in certain constituents. Surface runoff in metal rich soil are ignored as it is known to be a natural phenomenon that is costly and difficult if it is to overcome. Valuable metals could still be hoarded as natural adsorbents exist in course of the runoff.

Removing of copper ions from wastewater is important, and how to do it is a huge subject. Adsorption is one of the most promising approaches for the removal of these metal ions as it is simple and cost-effective. Many adsorbents together with algae, bentonite, activated carbon, and agricultural waste products are researched in removing metal ions such as copper ions from aqueous solutions.

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Metal biosorption is the basis of the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters, especially agricultural wastes. Its mechanism would include adsorption on the surface, chemisorption, complexation, diffusion through pores and ion exchange, etc. This problem of heavy metal ions would root to a life-threatening problem for humans, animals, and aquatic ecosystems. Enhancing the adsorption capacity of these adsorption would need certain enhancements and modifications. An example of this modification would be chemicals such as organic acids, bases, minerals, oxidizing agents. A comparison of the efficiency of different adsorbents are the sole purpose of the article. [3] The porous structure of the activated carbon is the reason to adsorb materials from the aqueous solution and gas structures. Ranging from 0.20 to 0.60 cm3/g of its pore volume but had known to be more than 3,000 m2/g. Micro pores with diameters of the pore smaller than 2nm covers mostly the surface area. These properties make activated carbon more favourable makes it a popular adsorbent in different applications. Coconut husk is found to have a porous structure and be used effectively to remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Ion uptake of the natural adsorbent would include O-H, N-H, C-O, and C=O

Concentration of the aqueous solution would also have a big impact on the adsorption of heavy metal, it as a dominant parameter in the efficiency of the adsorption. [3] The most efficient concentration of the aqueous solution of the non-activated and activated coconut husk found in the research using the OFAT method is 7.9. The prime adsorbent dose among both activated and non-activated coconut found was the non-activated using OFAT method found to in adsorption of heavy metal is 10 grams. [4] Values obtained ranging from 0.38 to 820mg/g were found regarding maximum adsorption capacities which bio sorbent nature and system metal-bio sorbent had played a big role. [5] Many industries use activated carbon and the main drawback of this would be the cost of the adsorbent. This gives us an approach to use and observe bio sorbent for usage in heavy metal adsorption because of its low-priced cost. Based on the literature reviewed, it is a promising green technology for bio adsorbents and has the potential to be used on full-scale wastewater treatment. They are very economical and already accessible in large amounts plus they are wastes that make it more accessible from the agricultural industry. [6] Drying of coconut husks in 45degC in a particular amount of hour was observed to absorb 240% water in a period of 24 hours to reach a constant value. [7] Removal of lignin from the surface by oxidation would increase the internal surface area thus would raise the number of active sites that had a higher resemblance towards Hg adsorption. [8] In terms of the flow channel, the diameter of the conduit would be negligible in terms of the flow components based on drag down curves. This was the analysis showed in the research that the head loss difference between turbulent and laminar flow conditions.

The region of Davao has a huge production of coconut and the potentiality of coconut husk is to be studied as being a heavy metal adsorbent. This study would help the metal and mining industry to maximize the use of the rich metal soil in the land as it would cover up the discarded soil by the rainfall.

The capability of coconut husk as heavy metal is to be determined by experiment. Coconut husks are processed to be a coco net and placed in a square chamber to be a barrier against the turbid water. The efficiency of the natural adsorbent would be determined afterwards. The study of coconut husk as a heavy metal adsorbent would expand the knowledge and preferences of the beneficial industries. The efficiency and cost would be much compared among different adsorbents, natural or artificial. This is but a small contribution on the heavy metal adsorbent field.

A scope of this study would be the velocity of the fluid, neglecting turbulence. Heavy metals present would be the common heavy metals and non-toxic. This study would not cover the average velocity of rainfall, volumetric and mass flow rates of the turbid waters.

Materials and Methods

Conceptual Framework

Shown in figure 1, it displays the conceptual diagram of the study. The input of the overall study was the procurement of coconut husk and the flow channel in the invention of natural adsorbent as well as the preparation of its matters. The coconut husk was modified as non-activated as it undergoes drying with an acid to remove substances that reduce its capacity to adsorb. Husk would be modified to be a net that would make contact with the fluid with known heavy metals. This process aided the its capability to adsorb heavy metals. Using a small-scale flow channel, the natural adsorbent would be placed in the path to be a barrier that would slow down the velocity of the fluid together with adsorbing known metals on the fluid.

Materials and Resources

The adsorbents, coconut (Cocos nucifera, L.) husks is bought in the local market in Davao city. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is bought in the nearest chemical shop. Deionized water is used throughout the experiment. Glass would be bought in the local glass market and manufactured in the local city. Instruments employed for the work include UV-visible spectrophotometer (Model DR5000). weighing balance and pH -meter.

Methods and Procedures

Preparation of Adsorbent

The coconut husks washed several times with water rmtil all the colored extract was removed and clean water obtained. It is then prepared by treatment of phosphoric acid in 4 hours and oven dried at 45°C, respectively rmtil a constant weight was obtained. Coconut husk are then meshed together in a form of a net and fastened in a small steel in terms of the coconut husk mass.

Preparation of Solution of Heavy metal

The stock solution of 2000 ppm Cr (VI) was prepared by dissolving 38.8 g quantity of Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in 1000ml deionized water. Working solution of Cr (VI) standard was prepared by diluting the appropriate quantity of the above stock solution.

Flow Channel Design

A 4inch x 4inch x 24 inch will be manufactured from metal plates that are bought at the local market. The flow channel will be washed several times by distilled water and finally washed by the solution of heavy metal by finishing for preparation of experiment.

Response surface methodology is mathematically and statistically determined by using useful models and analysing problems or responses affected by different factors. It’s used for the optimization of the use of the adsorbent, whether be it on the time domain or temperature.

Determination of Suspended Heavy Metals

Standard solution is carried out to determine the adsorption of metal ions onto to the adsorbent in a 1000 ml adsorption glass flask Concentrations and was subjected to spectrophotometer. Its absorbance value at 1 000 mg L - 1 concentration was recorded.

References

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