Study Guide for World History

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry Exam Study Guide c. 1200 - c. 1450 Topic 1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time. Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule. 1. Describe Song China (include SPICE-T characteristics). The Song Dynasty began in 960 and lasted until 1279. It was founded by Taizu. Social characteristic is the filial piety, a show of respect for elders. Political characteristic is imperial bureaucracy. Intellectual characteristic is Confucianism. Cultural characteristic is Confucianism, Buddhism. Economic characteristic is trading. Technological characteristics is weapons were made there. 2. Explain the influence of Confucianism on Song China’s political system. The civil service exam, which could allow people to get good jobs and the bureaucracy, was based on knowledge on Confucian texts, China’s bureaucratic system a meritocracy and a new social class called the scholar gentry was created Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions. Cultural traditions: ● Filial piety in East Asia ● Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia ● Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women ● Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices. Branches of Buddhism: ● Theravada ● Mahayana ● Tibetan 3. Explain the influence of Confucianism on Song China’s society and culture. Men were now even more valued than women, but were also given lots of very high expectations to pass the Exams. A son passing would mean a better life for the whole family. 4. How did Buddhism arrive in China? It was transferred through the Silk Roads by trade 5.I What were the cultural impacts of the arrival of Buddhism? Zen Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism happened. Many Confucians began to adopt Buddhism’s ideals into daily life Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time. The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor. The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing. Technological innovations: ● Champa rice ● Transportation innovations like the Grand Canal expansion ● Steel and iron production ● Textiles and porcelains for export 6. Explain the effects of each of the following on Song China: ● The Grand Canal The Grand Canal enable China to become the most populous trading area in the world ● Champa rice: Since champa rice was fast growing, drought resistant and could grow on lots of places, there was an abundance of food and the population grew ● Chinese production of textiles and porcelain: They were highly desired and everyone traded them so China became the world’s most commercialized society Topic 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia. 7. List the core beliefs/practices of Islam: The five pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam. The shahada, the belief that “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God” is central to Islam 8.I List the core beliefs/practices of Judaism: Judaism is a Monotheistic religion. The most Important teaching of Judaism is that there is one God, who wants people to do what is just and compassionate 9.I List the core beliefs/practices of Christianity: Believe in the Holy Trinity, Heaven and Hell, Jesus’ death and return, and his second coming Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the causes and effects of the As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most 10. Describe the Abbasid Caliphate (include SPICE-T characteristics):I Political: Common use of shariah created similar legal systems Intellectual: Great universities created centers for sharing innovations rise of Islamic states over time. of which were dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity. Cultural: Formed a cultural region Economic: Controlled trade routes Technological: Got printing from chinese New political entities: ● Seljuk Empire ● Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt ● Delhi Sultanates Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam, subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. 11. Describe the Seljuk Empire: The Seljuk Empire was ruled by sultans in Persia and modern-day Iraq; Estabilished Turks as major ethnic group carrying Islam across Eurasia, along with Arabs and Persians; Demonstrated weakness of Abbasid caliphate in its later years; sultans held real power in the empire; helped to spread the influence of Islam throughout the region. 12. Explain the causes of the expansion of Muslim rule; how and where did it expand before 1450? Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam, subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. 13. What were the effects of the rise of Islamic states? Islam spread and many intellectual advances Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the effects of Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and intellectual innovation in Dar al- transfers. Islam. Innovations: ● Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi) ● Advances in literature (A’ishah alBu’uniyyah) ● Advances in medicine Transfers: ● Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy ● House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad ● Scholarly and cultural transfers in 14. Describe the intellectual innovations and transfers of Muslim States: Innovations: Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi), in literature (A'ishah al-Bu'uniyyah), in medicine Transfers: Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain 15. What effects did these innovations have in Dar al-Islam? Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers. This led to various advances and interactions with different cultures Muslim and Christian Spain 16. Explain the significance of the House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad: Scholars could travel here, to this center of learning, which helped the Islamic community help transfer knowledge throughout Afro-Eurasia Topic 1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time. Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia. Beliefs and practices: ● Bhakti movement ● Sufism ● Buddhist monasticism 17. Explain how Hinduism impacted societies in South and Southeast Asia: Vijayanagar Empire, Rajput kingdoms, Urdu, Bhakti Movement, Srivijaja Empire, main religion before Islam and Buddhism showed up 18. Explain how Islam impacted societies in South and Southeast Asia: Islam entered India forcefully at first then because more peaceful. Islam attracted low-caste Hindus. The most converts to Islam were Buddhists. 19. Explain how Buddhism impacted societies in South and Southeast Asia: Buddhism spread throughout Southeast Asia, but the spread of Islam made Buddhism a minority religion in its place of birth. It still influenced civilization through Buddhist monks, monasteries, priests as advisors to monarchs in some areas, Majapahit Kingdom, etc 20. What role did Sufi missionaries play in spreading Islam? They tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions, sometimes interweaving local religious elements into Islam, winning many converts 21. What role did Buddhist monasteries play in spreading Buddhism and promoting trade? Monasteries and nunneries flourished because both men and women found a life of contemplation and simple living attractive. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and 22. How did the Srivijaya Empire develop and maintain power? Their authority was exercised by creating 4 different ecological zones that were controlled by different parts of the kingdom. This allowed Srivijaya to establish trade routes. developed and maintained power over time. Southeast Asia. Hindu/Buddhist States: ● Vijayanagara Empire ● Srivijaya Empire ● Rajput kingdoms ● Khmer Empire ● Majapahit ● Sukhothai kingdom ● Sinhala dynasties Topic 1.4 State Building in the Americas Learning Objective Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time. Historical Developments In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach. State systems in the Americas: ● Maya city-states ● Mexica ● Inca ● Chaco ● Mesa Verde ● Cahokia 23. Describe the Maya city-states (include SPICE-T characteristics) : Social: at peak, 2 million Mayans Political: main form of Mayan government, each ruled by king, city and its surrounding territory, wars common Intellectual: honor many deities (most important sun, rain, corn), made offerings to get answered prayers Cultural: classical culture in south Mexico and Central America, sacrifice, math Economic: tribute, common people payed taxes (crops), moderate trade Technology: writing system, monumental architecture, calendar 24. Describe the Inca (include SPICE-T characteristics) : S: polytheistic (sun god Inti v important) animism P: split into 4 provinces each with own governor and bureaucracy, wars for conquest, powerful king I: quipu (record numbers for trade, engineering and recording messages)C: E: no tribute, mit'a system, limited trade T: Waru Waru, roads like Carpa Nan, masonry 25. Describe the Mexica (include SPICE-T characteristics): S: emperor, nobles, scribes/healers, craftspeople/traders, peasants/soldiers. could become slaves (debt/crime/sacrifice). P: grouped city-states into provinces, theocracy, commitment to military victory, wars for captives I: Gods sacrificed themselves to make world so human sacrifice was repayment for sin C: valuable cloth E: tribute system (practical goods and luxury items), extensive trade T: Great Pyramid, chinampas, aqueducts TOPIC 1.5 State Building in Africa Learning Objective Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time. Historical Developments In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach. State systems in Africa: ● Great Zimbabwe ● Ethiopia ● Hausa kingdoms 26. Describe Great Zimbabwe (include SPICE-T characteristics): S: connected with East Africa, Middle East, and South and East Asia (by indian ocean trade), nearly 20,000 people in Zimbabwe in late 15th century P: taxes on transport of gold, capital city I: clearly smart if they managed to get all that gold and make all those stone houses and walls C: traders blended Bantu and Arabic to make Swahili, E: wealthy, built its prosperity on a mix of agriculture, grazing, trade and GOLD T: first stone walls built without mortar, huge 27. Describe Ethiopia (include SPICE-T characteristics) S: Christianity, people combined traditional faith traditions, like ancestor veneration and belief in spirits, with Christianity to make a distinct form of faith P: rulers expressed power through architecture I: combining things (see: Social) C: rock structures a feature of religious architecture E: prospered by trading goods from India, Arabia, Roman Empire, and interior of Africa T: 11 massive churches made of rock TOPIC 1.6 Developments in Europe Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society. Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450. Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system. 28. Explain the impact of the Roman Catholic Church on Western Europe: It was the most powerful institution in Europe, who was divided into hundreds of small political states. Often only Church staff could read/write and manors had a small church and priest. Church led education and art, held power in feudal system 29. Describe the political organization of feudal Europe: There were no strong government and people needed protection so feudalism happened. Monarch grants fiefs to lord, so lord becomes king's vassal. Lord gives lands to knights, so knights become vassals and pledge to fight 30. Describe the manorial system: Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land; the economic side of feudalism Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450. Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom. 31. Describe the social hierarchy of feudal Europe: Monarch, lord, knight, serf 32. What was the role of serfdom in Europe? Serfs were peasants who weren't slaves but were tied to the land of their lord 33. What eventually happened to serfdom? (How did it change moving into the 1450-1750 time period)? Monarchies got more powerful, more trade changed the social pyramid, middle class (bourgeoisie) appeared, Renaissance TOPIC 1.7 Comparisons in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450 Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450 State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions ● As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity ● Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule. ● State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia ● In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach ● In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach CONTEXT STATEMENTS PRACTICE: Instructions: Write a contextual statement for each of the prompts below. This will not only help you review content from Unit 1 (1200-1450), but also help you practice writing context statements which, if done successfully, can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. The final sentence of your context should narrow down to the topic of the prompt, tying your contextual statement to your thesis statement. Prompt 1: Evaluate the extent to which agriculture affected social organization in Europe from c. 1200 - 1450. Agriculture influenced social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450 by establishing feudalism. The social organization of feudalism was shaped by the division of society into three classes: king, nobles, and peasants. All of the land in the Middle Ages belonged to the king, who gave it to nobles for agriculture in order to earn money for himself. Peasants (serfs) labored on the land, bound to it and prohibited to leave without their lord's permission. Prompt 2: Evaluate the extent to which the diffusion of Islam impacted the development of African states in the 1200 - 1450 time period. Islam's spread influenced African state development by introducing new concepts and adding to pre-existing African practices. The presence of Muslims led to the construction of Mosques, which impacted the Sahelian architectural style. African societies have verbal communication systems as well. Prompt 3: Evaluate the extent to which belief systems and practices impacted South and Southeast Asian societies in the 1200 - 1450 time period. Reincarnation is a belief shared by Hinduism (with its caste system) and Buddhism (which began as a reformist movement within Hinduism). When there is little competition for authority, this encourages stability but also allows for stagnation. Hinduism is also highly diverse, which makes it difficult to form an empire. Due to the mixing of political leadership with religion, Islam, on the other hand, is far more unified. As a result, there were a number of Hindu Rajput kingdoms that kept centralized power at bay, and the Islam Delhi Sultanate ruled over a formidable central kingdom for nearly 300 years. Prompt 4: Evaluate the extent to which European and East Asian state development differed in the 1200 to 1450 time period. Until the 5th century, Europe was a part of the Roman Empire. Following their split, Europe went through its darkest period until 1020, when it began to make steady progress in agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship, among other things. Mills, storage, horse harnesses, harvesting, and threshing all improved dramatically as a result of widespread contact with people from all over Europe who shared their knowledge. Crusade trading had also begun at this time, and Europe was experiencing a population boom. During this time, the East Asian states faced numerous political challenges. Their governments were constantly changing from one dynasty to the next.