Petroleum: the Driving Force of Energy

University:
American Baptist College
Course:
CIT370 | Database Design and Processing
Academic year:

2019
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0

Pages:

24
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CHEM 258 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY in LIFE CHAPTER 2 Petroleum: the driving force of energy Fuel • A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 2 Types of Fuels 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 3 FUELS • Hydrocarbons are the principle component of fossil fuels • Natural gas is primarily methane. • Crude petroleum is a complex of mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons. • Coal is an even more complex mixture of hydrocarbons. • Many of fuels such as gasoline and jet fuel are obtained from petroleum. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 4 FOSSIL FUELS • Oil (petroleum), coal and natural gas are known as fossil fuels, since they all burn in air to release energy in the form of heat, and since they are the residual by-products of organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 5 ENERGY from FUELS • In our homes and our industries, we obtain most of our energy by burning fossil fuels. • Why does burning fuels provide energy? • Exothermic combustion reaction: reaction of fossil fuel with oxygen 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 6 Chemical Reactions 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 7 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 8 AVARAGE BOND ENERGIES 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 9 HEAT of COMBUSTION of METHANE 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 10 HEAT of COMBUSTION of METHANE 2 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 11 HEAT of COMBUSTION of ETHANE 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 12 EXPERIMENTAL HEAT of COMBUSTION 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 13 PETROLEUM • Crude petroleum is a complex of mixture of thousands of hydrocarbon compounds and the actual composition of petroleum varies with the location in which it is found. • Kuwait crude oil: straight chain hydrocarbons • California crude oil: aromatic hydrocarbons 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 14 PETROLEUM REFINING • The refining of petroleum begins with the separation of fractions according to boiling point ranges by a process called fractional distillation. • The products obtained from distillation of petroleum are still mixtures of hundreds of hydrocarbons, so they are called petroleum fractions. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 15 PETROLEUM FRACTIONATION 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 16 HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS FROM PETROLEUM 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 17 OCTANE RATING • Octane rating, also known as octane number is a measurement of the quality or performance of gasoline. • The higher the number, the better the fuel burns within the engine of a vehicle. Higher performance vehicles require fuels with a higher octane rating. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 18 OCTANE RATING • The burning properties of hydrocarbons depend on their structure. • Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is the standard used to assign octane ratings. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 19 OCTANE NUMBERS 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 20 OCTANE ENHANCERS • The octane number of a given blend of gasoline can be increased by octane enhancers. • Before 1975: tetraethyllead((C2H5)4Pb) • Since 1975:Automobiles use lead-free gasoline • Other octane enhancers: benzene, toluene, xylenes, 2-methyl-2-propanol, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE), methanol, ethanol. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 21 NATURAL GAS • It is a mixture of C1 to C4 alkanes (methane:60-90%, ethane:5-9%, propane (318%, and butane(1-2%), other gases:CO2, N2, H2S, noble gases) 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 22 COAL • It is a complex mixture of high molecular weight hydrocarbons that are about 85% carbon by mass. • Also contains variable amount of sulfur. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 23 METHANOL as a FUEL • Considered as a replacement for gasoline • because.: it burns more cleanly than gasoline, it has high octane rating (107). • Disadvantage: storage and distribution problem, emission of cancinogenic formaldehyde. 8.08.2022 CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU 24