Lab
Petroleum: the Driving Force of Energy
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University:
American Baptist College -
Course:
CIT370 | Database Design and Processing Academic year:
2019
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0
Pages:
24
Author:
customer-7930190
CHEM 258
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY in LIFE
CHAPTER 2
Petroleum: the driving force of energy Fuel
• A fuel is any material that can be made to
react with other substances so that it releases
chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be
used for work.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
2 Types of Fuels
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
3 FUELS
• Hydrocarbons are the principle component of
fossil fuels
• Natural gas is primarily methane.
• Crude petroleum is a complex of mixture of
thousands of hydrocarbons.
• Coal is an even more complex mixture of
hydrocarbons.
• Many of fuels such as gasoline and jet fuel are
obtained from petroleum.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
4 FOSSIL FUELS
• Oil (petroleum), coal and natural gas are
known as fossil fuels, since they all burn in air
to release energy in the form of heat, and
since they are the residual by-products of
organisms that lived hundreds of millions of
years ago.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
5 ENERGY from FUELS
• In our homes and our industries, we obtain
most of our energy by burning fossil fuels.
• Why does burning fuels provide energy?
• Exothermic combustion reaction: reaction of
fossil fuel with oxygen
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
6 Chemical Reactions
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
7 8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
8 AVARAGE BOND ENERGIES
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
9 HEAT of COMBUSTION of METHANE
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
10 HEAT of COMBUSTION of METHANE
2
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
11 HEAT of COMBUSTION of ETHANE
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
12 EXPERIMENTAL HEAT of COMBUSTION
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
13 PETROLEUM
• Crude petroleum is a complex of mixture of
thousands of hydrocarbon compounds and
the actual composition of petroleum varies
with the location in which it is found.
• Kuwait crude oil: straight chain hydrocarbons
• California crude oil: aromatic hydrocarbons
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
14 PETROLEUM REFINING
• The refining of petroleum begins with the
separation of fractions according to boiling
point ranges by a process called fractional
distillation.
• The products obtained from distillation of
petroleum are still mixtures of hundreds of
hydrocarbons, so they are called petroleum
fractions.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
15 PETROLEUM FRACTIONATION
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
16 HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS FROM
PETROLEUM
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
17 OCTANE RATING
• Octane rating, also known as octane
number is a measurement of the quality or
performance of gasoline.
• The higher the number, the better the
fuel burns within the engine of a vehicle.
Higher performance vehicles require fuels
with a higher octane rating.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
18 OCTANE RATING
• The burning properties of hydrocarbons
depend on their structure.
• Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) is the
standard used to assign octane ratings.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
19 OCTANE NUMBERS
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CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
20 OCTANE ENHANCERS
• The octane number of a given blend of
gasoline can be increased by octane
enhancers.
• Before 1975: tetraethyllead((C2H5)4Pb)
• Since 1975:Automobiles use lead-free gasoline
• Other octane enhancers: benzene, toluene,
xylenes, 2-methyl-2-propanol, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE), methanol, ethanol.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
21 NATURAL GAS
• It is a mixture of C1 to C4 alkanes
(methane:60-90%, ethane:5-9%, propane (318%, and butane(1-2%), other gases:CO2, N2,
H2S, noble gases)
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
22 COAL
• It is a complex mixture of high molecular
weight hydrocarbons that are about 85%
carbon by mass.
• Also contains variable amount of sulfur.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur
DEMİR ORDU
23 METHANOL as a FUEL
• Considered as a replacement for gasoline
• because.: it burns more cleanly than gasoline,
it has high octane rating (107).
• Disadvantage: storage and distribution
problem, emission of cancinogenic
formaldehyde.
8.08.2022
CHEM 258 CHAPTER 2, Assoc.Prof. Öznur DEMİR ORDU
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