Disease Prevention Measures

Disease Prevention Measures A. Disease In infectious diseases the exposure is usually a microorganism. Whereas in cancer, critical factors require cancer initiators, such as asbestos fibers or components in cigarette smoke (for lung cancer) and cancer promoters such as estrogen ( endometrial cancer). 1. Incubation period The period of subclinical or pathologic changes that do not appear with exposure, ending with the time of onset of symptoms: a. In chronic diseases the incubation period is called the latency period. b. May be within a few seconds: 1) Hypersensitivity reaction 2) Toxic reaction c. May be very long 1) Certain chronic diseases d. Has a time course 1) 2 - 6 weeks is the time course of hepatitis A disease 2) 2 - 12 years, the peak of which is 6 - 7 years, is the range of leukemia due to exposure to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. In this period, pathologic changes may be detected through:  Laboratory  Radiographic or other screening methods 2. Window Period The window period is a subclinical period that is undetectable, but capable of transmitting disease. Example: HIV/AIDS 3. Clinical Period a. The Clinical Period is characterized by the onset of disease symptoms. b. Clinical Period most diagnoses are made in the clinical period c. Clinical periods range from mild to severe (early stages and then progress to advanced stages) B. Disease Prevention Measures If adjusted to the natural history of the disease, preventive measures against a disease can be broadly categorized into: 1. Primary Preventive Measures or Efforts a. This action is carried out in the pre-pathogenesis period. b. Efforts are made to break the chain of "agent-host-environment" interaction. 2. Secondary Preventive Measures or Efforts 3. Tertiary Preventive Measures or Efforts C. Natural History of Disease and Level of Prevention 1. Pre-pathogenesis Period a. Primary Prevention Level 1) Health promotion 2) Special protection 2. Pathogenesis Period a. Secondary prevention level 1) Early diagnosis and prompt treatment 2) Limitation of disability b. Tertiary level of prevention 1) Rehabilitation D. Primary Prevention Level 1. Health Promotion a. Health education b. Adequate developmentally appropriate nutrition c. Housing, recreation, workplace d. Marriage counseling e. Genetics f. Periodic health check-ups g. Protection against cancer causing substances h. Avoidance of allergenic substances 2. Special Protection a. Immunization b. Personal hygiene c. Environmental sanitation d. Occupational accident protection e. General accident protection f. Use of special nutrients g. Protection against carcinogens h. Avoidance of allergens i. Use of specific nutrients 3. Secondary Prevention Level a. Implemented during the pathogenesis period b. Immediately after the disease is detected, secondary prevention efforts can be made by: 1) early diagnosis and 2) accurate treatment (prompt treatment) c. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment d. Case finding (individual or mass) e. Screening survey f. Selective examination E. Secondary Preventive Measures 1. To treat and prevent diseases from progressing 2. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases 3. To prevent complications and sequelae 4. Shorten the period of disability 5. Adequate treatment to prevent 6. Stop the disease process from continuing 7. Preventing more severe complications and sequelae 8. Provision of specialized facilities to prevent 9. Reducing disability and death F. Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention is prevention efforts that are carried out when the disease process is already underway but there are no signs or symptoms of illness (early pathogenesis) with the aim of the disease process not continuing. Can be done with the following actions: 1. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment a. Case finding, individual and mass b. Screening c. Specialized examination with the aim of: 1) Cure and prevent disease progression 2) Preventing the spread of infectious diseases 3) Preventing complications and aftermath 4) Shorten the period of incapacity 2. Disability limitation Disability limitation is a type of treatment that is sufficient to stop the disease process and prevent complications. Provision of facilities to limit disability and prevent death. G. Tertiary Level of Prevention If a defect or structural damage or disability has occurred, then to prevent worsening of the condition or persistence of disability, tertiary preventive efforts are carried out with rehabilitation. 1. Rehabilitation a. Provision of facilities for training until bodily functions can be put to good use b. Education of the public and industry to use those who have been rehabilitated c. Selective placement d. Employment to the fullest extent possible e. Occupational therapy in hospitals f. Use of sheltered colonies