Latin 2 Study Guide

Latin 2 Study Guide Overview: Cases Moods/Tenses Participles Infinitives Subjunctive Clauses Passive Periphrastic Oportet Adjectives/adverbs Pronouns Vocabulary Roman Numerals Basic Dates Mythology Phrases Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Cases: Nominative Genitive Nominatives: Nominative of Subject: the subject of a sentence ● What the sentence is about ○ e.g. puella est pulchra ○ Translation: The girl is pretty Predicate Nominative: renames the subject ● Often used with a “be” verb (e.g. est) ○ e.g. vir est mīles ○ Translation: The man is a soldier Appositive Nominative: a noun placed near or next to the subject that gives more information about the subject ● Often blocked off with commas ● Two nouns that refer to the same thing ● Must be in the same case ○ e.g. Iūno, rēgīna deōrum, ex aulā exit ○ Translation: Juno, queen of the gods, leaves the palace Genitives: Genitive of Possession: shows possession ● Translated as “of” or “‘s” ○ e.g. liber Alexandrī ○ Translation: The book of Alexander ○ Alternate: Alexander’s book Genitive of Description/Quality: used to describe something ● Must have accompanying adjective ○ e.g. vir summae virtūtis ○ Translation: A man of the highest courage Partitive Genitive: used to show a part of a greater whole ● Common words used are aliquid, plus, nimium, satis, pars (something, more, too much, enough, part) ○ e.g. pars urbis ○ Translation: Part of the city ○ e.g. nimium cibiī ○ Translation: too much food (too much of the food) Subjective Genitive: the genitive noun is the subject of the action implied or stated in the noun ● Don’t assume that “‘s” means possession ○ e.g. adventus Caesaris civibus nuntiatus est ○ Translation: The arrival of Caesar was announced to the citizens Objective Genitive: the genitive noun that describes actions or feelings ○ e.g. odium Caesaris ○ Translation: The hatred of Caesar ○ Alternate Translation: Caesar’s hatred Dative: Dative of Indirect Object: the indirect object of a sentence ● Translated as “to” or “for” ● Must be a verb of giving, showing, or telling ○ e.g. dedit puerō librum ○ Translation: She gave a book to the boy ○ Explanation: dedit (gave) is a verb of giving, and the girl gave the book to the boy, thus making puer dative Dative of Intransitive Verb/Special Verb: objects of verbs that to signify favor, help, please, trust, believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, and opposites take this dative ● These are some common special verbs ● Usually you would see nominative + accusative ● In this case, you would see dative + special verb ○ e.g. candidātō nostrō favēmus ○ Translation: We (give) support (to) our candidate Dative of Agent: shows who must do the action ● Used with gerundive of obligation (passive periphrastic) ○ e.g. nōbīs Carthāgō delenda est ○ Translation: Carthage must be destroyed by us ○ Explanation: nōbīs is dative and delenda est is gerundive Accusative: Accusative of Direct Object: used to show the direct object ● Receives the action of the verb ● Typically ends in -m ○ e.g. dominus servum salūtat ○ Translation: The master greets the slave Accusative of Place to Which: used to show the place to which something is going ● Used with “ad” ● Sometimes “ad” is implied for city, towns, or small islands ● *Tip: remember ad-ccusative ○ e.g. ad oppidum veniunt ○ Translation: They are coming to the town ○ e.g. Thebās veni ○ Translation: I came to Thebes Ablative: Ablative of Place (where): indicates the location of something ● Can be used with SEDCAP (sine, ex, de, cum, ab, pro) ● *Tip: remember ab for ablative ○ E.g. in urbe manet ○ Translation: She is staying in the city Ablative of Agent: the doer of a passive verb identified by ab/ā is followed by this case ● Must have the 3 Ps (Preposition, Person, Passive Voice) ● Preposition: ab/ā ● A Person who is doing the action ● Must contain a Passive Voice ○ e.g. a fabrīs aedificatum ○ Translation: built by the craftsman Ablative of Accompaniment: shows accompaniment with the preposition cum and the ablative ● Must contain cum ○ e.g. cum parentibus iter faciēbat ○ Translation: She traveled with her parents Ablative of Means/Instrument: used to show how the action was done or the instrument of an action ● Can be translated as by/with (by means of) ● No preposition in Latin ○ e.g. serpēns hōs morsū necat ○ Translation: The serpent kills these men with his bite ○ Explanation: look at how there is no “with” preposition in Latin ○ Other phrases: with the sword, filled with earth, by a weapon, by my efforts Ablative for Manner: Used to show how something was done ● Has preposition cum ○ e.g. cum celeritāte advēnit ○ Translation: She arrived with speed Vocative: Vocative: used for direct address ● Same as the nominative ● Unless word ends in -us or -ius (singular second declension) ● -us = e -ius = ī ○ e.g. Quinte, venī! ○ Translation: Quintus, come! ○ e.g. Salvī, cantā! ○ Translation: Salvius, sing! ○ e.g. Puella, saltā! ○ Translation: Girl, dance! How to Decline: Notes: 1st declension: all feminine except: Athleta, Conviva, Auriga, Pirata, Poeta, Agricola, Incola, Nauta, Scriba (ACAPPAINS) 2nd declension: masculine or neuter except names of trees ● Neuters: nominative and accusative singular the same ● Neuters: plural nominative and accusative end in -a 3rd declension: i-stems: genitive plural will be -ium if a masc. or fem. noun ends with: ● -ēs or -is in nominative + has same number of syllables as genitive ● -ns or -rs in nominative singular ● Double consonants 4th declension: mostly masculine or neuter ● Domus, manus, and names of trees feminine ● Domus has 2 alternate endings: ● Singular: domus, domūs, domuī, domum, domō ● Plural: domūs, domuum, domibus, domōs, domibus 5th declension: genitive singular end with: ● -eī is following a consonant ○ e.g. reī or speī ● -ēī if following a vowel ○ e.g. diēī or aciēī Moods/Tenses: Indicative Mood: Imperative Mood: Regular: (Present stem) / (Present Stem) + (te) ○ e.g. amāre = amā (singular) ○ contd. amāre = amāte (plural) ○ Translation: love (as a command) For “do not ____” : nolī + infinitive / nolīte + infinitive ○ e.g. nolī amāre (singular) ○ contd. nolīte amāre (plural) ○ Translation: do not love (as a command) Irregular: duc/ducite ; dic/dicite ; fac/facite ; fer/ferte ; es/este Subjunctive Mood: Participles: Present Active Voice: Passive Voice: Present stem + -ns Translated as: _____ing e.g. amāns Translation: loving Perfect 4th principle part + -tus, -a, um Translated as: having been ____ed e.g. amātus, -a, -um Translation: having been loved X Future X 4th principal part + -urus, ura, -urum Translated as: about to _____ e.g. amāturus, -a, -um Translation: about to love Present stem + ndus, -nda, ndum Translated as: must be ____ed e.g. amāndus, -a, -um Translation: must be loved Infinitives: Active: -āre -ēre -ere -īre Passive: -āri -ēre -i -īri Subjunctive Clauses: Cum Circumstantial: cum + subjunctive ● Cum translate as “when” ○ e.g. haec cum audivisset, Agricola respondit ○ Translation: When he had heard these things, Agricola responded Indirect Question: mental action/speaking/saying verb + question word + subjunctive ● Indirectly asks a question ○ e.g. Salvium dīligentius rogāvit quae indicia sēditōnis vīdisset ○ Translation: Salvius asked more diligently what indications of rebellion he had seen Purpose: ut/ne + subjunctive ● Must express reason or purpose ○ e.g. nūper bēstiam in mē impulit ut mē interfeceret ○ Translation: Recently, he forced a beast against me (in order) to kill me Indirect Command: command word + ut/ne + subjunctive ● iubere, imperare, mandare, orare, persuadere, monere ○ e.g. simulatque ad hanc prōvinciam vēnistī, amīcī mē monuērunt ut tē cavērem ○ Translation: As soon as you came to this province, my friends warned me to beware of you Result: tam, tot, talis, tantus, adeo + ut/non ut + subjunctive ○ e.g. cūr tam īnsānus eram ut tibi crēderem ○ Translation: Why was I so insane that I was trusting you? Passive Periphrastic: Also called Gerundive of Obligation: ● Dative of Agent, gerundive, est = “must” ○ e.g. sī talia fēcit, eī moriendum est ○ Translation: If he did such things, he must die ○ e.g. sī talia fēcit, eī moriendum erat ○ Translation: If he did such things, he had to die Oportet: Accusative + oportet = “ought, must” ○ e.g. nōs oportet rēgem prīcipēsque Rēgnēnsium quam celerrimē opprimere ○ Translation: We ought to capture the king and chiefs as quickly as possible Adjectives/Adverbs: Adjective callidus, a , um clever callidior, ior, ius cleverer callidissimus, a, um cleverest Adverb callide cleverly Callidus more cleverly callidissime most cleverly Adjective felix, felix, felix lucky felicior, ior, ius luckier felicissimus, a, um luckiest Adverb feliciter luckily Felicius more luckily Felicissima most luckily Adjective sapiens wise sapientor, ior, ius wiser sapientissimus, issima, issimum wisest Adverb sapienter wisely sapientius more wisely sapientissime most wisely *There are exceptions such as: ○ Audax (audacter), minus, bonus, etc Pronouns: Vocabulary: Roman Numerals: I=1 ● Continue adding until 4 IV = 4 ● Literally means 1 from 5 ● Same function as 9 *Easy way to remember: I (1) → V (5) two I put together V (5) → X (10) Two V put together, One upright, the other upside down L (50) → C (100) Two L put together is , one upright, the other upside down with the tails overlapping D (500) → Two D put together (harder to imagine), Dꓷ, get rid of the lower curve to make the M M (1,000) Basic Dates: *may or may not need to know depending on class 753 BC: founding of Rome ● Founded by Romulus, who killed his brother Remus over the placement of the city ● Founded on the Palatine Hill 753-510 BC: Monarchy ● 7 Kings of Rome ○ Romulus ○ Numa Pompilius ○ Tullus Hostilius ○ Ancus Marcius ○ Tarquinius Priscus ○ Servius Tullius ○ Tarquinius Superbus 509-27 BC: Roman Republic ● First 2 consuls: ○ Junnius Brutus ○ Tarquinius Collatinus 341 BC: beginning of Latin War ● Rebellion from neighboring Latin allies 338 BC: end of Latin War 264-241 BC: First Punic War ● Over control of Sicily ● Between Roman and Carthaginians 27 BC-476 AD: Roman Empire ● Founded by Augustus Caesar ● After assasination of Julius Caesar ● Following period called pax Romana ○ Translation: the peace of Rome 330-1453 AD: Byzantine Empire ● Capital founded at Constantinople ● By Constantine, the first Christian Emperor Mythology: Greek gods: Zeus: god of the sky ● Symbol: eagle ● Throws lightning bolts forged by the cyclops ● Brother of Poseidon and Hades Jupiter: Roman counterpart Hera: queen of gods, goddess of marriage, mothers, and families ● Symbol: pomegranate, cow, peacock Juno: Roman counterpart Poseidon: god of the sea ● Symbol: trident, horses ● Brother to Zeus and Hades Neptune: Roman counterpart Demeter: goddess of agriculture ● Symbol: torch, corn plant ● Mother of Persephone ● Stopped all plants from growing when her daughter was stolen, creating winter and fall Ceres: Roman counterpart Ares: god of war ● Symbol: spear, wild boar Mars: Roman counterpart Athena: goddess of wisdom, war, and useful arts ● Symbol: the owl ● Born from Zeus’ forehead ● Turned Arachne into a spider for boasting that she was better at weaving than her ● Created the flute Minerva: roman counterpart Apollo: god of archery, music, poetry, medicine, sun, and prophecy ● Symbol: the lyre and laurel wreath ● Daphne: one of his lovers turned into a laurel tree ● Brother of Artemis, son of Leto Apollo: Roman counterpart Artemis: goddess of the moon, the hunt, virginity ● Symbol: the moon and deer ● Had a group of virgin hunters called the Hunters of Artemis ● Brother of Apollo, daughter of Leto ● She and her brother hunted down the 14 children of Niobe ○ NIobe claimed she was better than Leto (their mother) Diana: Roman counterpart Hephaestus: god of blacksmiths and fire ● Symbol: the anvil and hammer ● Created Achilles’ armor ● Married Aphrodite Vulcan: Roman counterpart Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty ● Symbol: the dove ● Born from seafoam ● Promised Paris the most beautiful women in the world and gave him Helen, beginning the Trojan War Venus: Roman counterpart Hermes: messenger god, god of roadways, travelers, merchants, thieves ● Symbol: caduceus ● Commonly seen with winged sandals and helmet ● Created the lyre for Apollo ● Mother is Maya Mercury: Roman counterpart Dionysus: god of wine ● Symbol: leopard, grape vine, thyrsus ● Created wine ● Had a cult dedicated to him Bacchus: Roman counterpart Hades: god of the underworld ● Symbol: helm of darkness, bident ● Married to Persephone, daughter of Demeter ● Kidnapped her and made her his wife ● Cerberus, his dog, guarded the gates of the underworld Pluto: Roman counterpart Phrases: Ad hoc: to this ● Denotes that something is created or done for a particular purpose Alibi: elsewhere ● Evidence that someone didn’t commit a crime Bona fide: with good faith ● Something is real or genuine Bonus: good ● Extra sum of something Carpe diem: seize the day E.g.: exempli gratia, for the sake of an example ● Introduces a list of examples I.e: id est, that is ● Rewords something or makes it more specific Ego: I Ergo: therefore Etc.: et cetera, and others ● At the end of a list Per se: in itself ● Emphasizes improtance/connection of something Pro bono (publico): for the good (of the public) ● Something is done without payment/reimbursement QPQ: quid pro quo, something for something Ad nauseam: to nausea ● used to describe an argument that has been taking place to the point of nausea Ante meridiem — before noon; A.M. In absentia: in the absence In vitro: in glass; biological process that occurs in the lab Magna cum laude: with great praise Post meridiem: after noon; P.M.; used in timekeeping Rigor mortis: stiffness of death Semper fidelis: always faithful Semper paratus: always prepared Summa cum laude: with the highest praise Veto: I forbid