Timeline Pre-Columbian Section Draft

Timeline Pre-Columbian Section Draft Date History and Culture Art and Architecture 15,000 BCE Arrival of the earliest human inhabitants to South America 10,000 – 3,000 BCE Archaic Cultures 8000 BCE Cave dwellings in the central highlands of Peru. First baskets made of plant fiber appear in Pre-Columbian Art of the Andes. 4000 – 1800 BCE Early Ceramic Cultures Pottery is present in the Caribbean lowlands of Colombia. 3500 BCE Alpacas and llamas are domesticated in the central Andes ca. 2400 BCE Cotton textiles of complex technique and design found at Huaca Prieta in the Chicama Valley (Peru). 2000 BCE The Temple of the Crossed Hands is built at Kotosh (northern Andes). 1800 BCE Sedentary village are prevalent and pottery appears in Mesoamerica. ca. 1500 BCE The Huaca de los Reyes, a grand building complex is built in the Moche Valley (Peru). 1500 BCE The rise of the Olmec 1400 BCE The people of San Lorenzo modify the natural plateau to lay the ground for the Olmec capital. 1200 BCE San Lorenzo becomes the great ceremonial center of the Olmec. 1000 – 500 BCE Chavín Culture 950 BCE San Lorenzo loses political power and population 900 BCE The Olmec city of La Venta is established. 850 BCE Chavín de Huantar attracts large numbers of pilgrims and tribute 700 – 100 BCE Paracas Culture Lanzón (15 ft. tall) monolith is erected inside the Old Temple at Chavín de Huantar. Construction of the ceremonial complex at Chiripá at Lake Titicaca. 600 BCE 500 BCE 500 BCE 900 CE 400 BCE Monte Albán is founded, and grows rapidly into the major regional center. The great ball court at Chichén is built. Zipotec Kingdoms Two calendars, a 365-day solar calendar and a 260-day ritual calendar appear. 200 BCE – 700 CE Greater Chiriqui cultures On the north coast of Peru, red-ware vessels replace the dark monochromes made in the area. 150 BCE The site of Tiwanaku on Lake Titicaca is laid out in a grid plan (Bolivia). Stone sculptures in Yaya-Mama style, are erected in the Lake Titicaca Basin. 100 BCE The demise of the third Olmec Capital known as Tres Zapotes. The Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon are built in the Moche Valley. Rise of the Moche civilization Teotihuacan establishes irrigation and has active obsidian workshops, the pyramid of Sun is built. 100 CE – 800 CE 100 CE – 700 CE 200 CE Nazca Culture Nazca peoples create a labyrinth of large-scale geoglyphs of animals and geometric shapes in the deserted Pampas. 378 CE In Guatemala's Petén, the ninth ruler of the Maya city of Tikal, dies. 400 CE The Diquís region (Costa Rica) increases in population. 432 CE City of Palenque is established. 450 CE 500 CE 550 CE 615 – 638 CE 650 CE The technology of goldsmiths spreads from Colombia to parts of the Antilles The center of Cahuachi in the Nazca Valley becomes a burial ground and site for pilgrimage. The populations of the Greater Antilles increases (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic and Cuba). King Pakal began ambitious architectural expansion in the city of Palenque. Due to internal political and economic crisis in Teotihuacan, city life and production cease to exist until about 900 CE. On the Nazca River, Cahuachi (Peru) becomes the dominant ceremonial site attracting hundreds of pilgrims. The talud-tablero, a particular architectural outline appears on the Temple of the Feathered Serpent in Teotihuacan. Barriles, a ceremonial center in the Chiriquí region flourishes. Polychrome ceramic techniques begin to blossom in areas of the Chiriquí region (Panama). Perfected stone carving techniques are evident in effigy metates (grinding tables). 682 CE The Temple of the Inscriptions is completed at Palenque and is to be used as the tomb of King Pakal the Great. 800 CE The Sicán peoples in the Lambayeque region gain power. Metallurgy is introduced into western Mexico, probably through long-distance contact with much older South American traditions. 900 CE Toltec Tula is the powerful capital of a state that integrates the diverse peoples of Mexico into a new cultural system. Metalworking is practiced and its popularity grows. Turquoise becomes an important luxury material. The Toltecs reach Chichén Itzá, introducing new architectural forms and imagery. 925 CE 1000 CE The northern Sicán culture of Peru is at Ceramics, textiles, metal objects, and painted its height. murals bear the image of the Sicán Lord. 1100 CE Nahuatl-speaking peoples begin migrating toward central Mexico. 1200 CE – 1600 CE Late Muisca Culture 1200 CE – 1500 CE Rise of Taíno Culture Figurative motifs in Panama are replaced by geometric designs. Stylized stone figures from the Diquís area (southern Costa Rica) demonstrate affinities to forms from the Muiscas in Colombia. 1250 CE 1300 CE In a second wave of conquests, the Chimú (northern Peru) bring the Lambayeque area under their control. 1325 CE The Mexica people settle in the Basin of Mexico's Lake Texcoco. The Taíno build plazas and ballcourts for communal ritual activities. Ceramics, clearly derived from earlier Moche traditions, are predominantly blackware, and made in molds in large quantities. 1345 CE The rise of the Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan is founded ca.1350 CE In the Oaxaca Valley, Mixtecs marry into Zapotec royalty, increasing their local power. Spread of pre-Inca ceramic style, known as Killke becomes an established stylistic form. 1390 CE The first king of Tenochtitlan, Acamapichitli, rules. Yupanqui is crowned Sapa Inca (unique Inca king), assuming the name Pachakuti. He rules from 1391 to 1473 CE. Construction of Templo Mayor begins in Tenochtitlan. 1410 CE Guayabo de Turrialba (Costa Rica's Altantic coast) becomes the largest site in the area. 1376 - 1395 CE 1430 CE In the Diquís region (southern Costa Rica), varied types of ceramic styles are made. 1431 CE Establishment of the Triple Alliance between the Mexica, the Acolhua in the city Texcoco, and the Tepaneca of Tlacopan, becomes the foundation of the Aztec empire. 1440 -1468 CE Moctezuma I continues the expansion of the Aztec empire 1452 CE Tenochtitlan severely damaged by flooding and a spread of famine. 1463 CE Topa Inka and his father Pachakuti begin extending the Inca domain to Quito and towards Chile. The construction of the city of Tenochtitlan was laid on the ruins of the city of Teotihuacan. 1470 C.E 1480 CE The Osa Peninsula (Diquís region) becomes major source of gold. The Inca build the Temple of the Sun over Pachacamac, the ancient oracle and pilgrimage center. 1490 CE 1492 CE Christopher Columbus's (1451–1506) lands at Santo Domingo on October 12. 1493 CE - Huayna Capac succeeds Topa Inca. 1498 CE Christopher Columbus lands on the continent of South America through the coast of Venezuela. 1502-1520 CE Reign of Moctezuma II, the ninth king of Tenochtitlan A distinctive Inca ceramic vessel decorated with geometric polychrome called aryballos appears throughout the empire. ca. 1510 CE 1519 CE 1520 CE Hernán Cortés arrives in Tenochtitlan. King Cuitahuac dies from the first smallpox epidemic to hit the empire. Cuauhtémoc, the eleventh and last king of the city, reigns. 1521 CE Fall of Tenochtitlan. Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Hernán Cortés. Rebuilding of the city by the Spanish as Mexico City, capital of New Spain. 1522 CE 1525 CE Cuauhtémoc is murdered by the Spaniards. 1527 CE The Inca ruler Huayna Capac dies suddenly of a foreign disease while in Quito. War breaks out between his sons Huascar and Atawallpa over succession. 1532 CE Pizarro arrives in the coastal town of Tumbes (Peru). The Spaniard captures Atawallpa and imprisons him in Cajamarca. 1533 CE The Spanish executes Atawallpa. 1534 CE Cuzco is invaded by the Spaniards. 1535 CE Lima, known as the Ciudad de los Reyes (City of Kings) is founded by Pizarro and established as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru.