Biology Final Exam Review Fall 2024

BIOL-1406 Final Exam Review Fall 2024 About the Exam • The exam will happen in our normal classroom on one of the following days/times according to your course section: o 51002: Monday, December 9th at 2pm o 51001: Tuesday, December, 10th at 2pm o 51810: Wednesday, December 11th at 12:30pm • The exam will have 60 multiple-choice questions (12 from each unit) worth 1.25 points each and 5 survey questions worth 1 point each. The survey questions are participation based. Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated. Please see Dallas College’s code of conduct. Please note that you should only focus on the content listed in this review, even if additional content was previously tested. • • How to prepare for the exam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reread chapter summaries associated with the exam. Be familiar with vocabulary words associated from those chapters. Do the end of chapter questions and the BioTIPS questions in the chapters. Review graded lecture quizzes (ask for help if you aren’t sure why you missed something) Review your in-class notes Chapter 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the scientific method? Be able to explain the steps of the scientific method. What makes a hypothesis valid? For a given experiment, identify the dependent, independent, and controlled variables. What is the smallest unit capable of all activities of life? How do other levels of organization relate? What is homeostasis? Chapter 2 6. 7. 8. 9. Be able to identify an element based on its atomic structure. What are ions? Be able to determine if an atom is an ion in a diagram. Distinguish between covalent and ionic bonds. Predict if a bond between two atoms is polar vs nonpolar versus ionic based on electronegativity. (Electronegativity Chart and Cutoffs will be provided) 10. Be able to identify the solute and solvent in a solution. 11. Make predictions about solubility of simple compounds based on polarity. Chapter 3 12. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules 13. Explain how and why complex biological molecules are synthesized from or broken into simple monomers. 14. Recognize 8 functional groups and know their properties. Predict how functional groups influence solubility and reactivity. 15. Name the four biological macromolecules. For each be able to: o Recognize their molecular structure o Identify their monomers o Explain their properties (soluble vs. insoluble, etc.) o Give common examples Chapter 4: Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features 16. What are the 4 things that ALL cells have? 17. What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 18. Be able to recognize if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic when given a diagram. 19. What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells? 20. Be able to identify if a cell is a plant cell or animal cell when given a diagram. 21. Be able to recognize the structures and list the functions of all components/organelles of cells. 22. What are plant cell walls made of? What is their purpose? Chapter 5: Membrane Structure, Synthesis, and Transport 23. Be able to describe the functions of and identify the components of a plasma membrane in a diagram. 24. Explain why phospholipids and transmembrane proteins are amphipathic molecules. 25. What are some ways that membrane fluidity is influenced? 26. What types of molecules can pass through the membrane through simple diffusion? o Where do they pass through? o What are their properties? o Give examples 27. What types of molecules can pass through the membrane through facilitated diffusion? o Where do they pass through? o What are their properties? o Give examples 28. Compare and contrast simple and facilitated diffusion. 29. What is active transport? What is required? 30. Be able to determine tonicity in a situation and be able to describe which way water would move in different situations. Chapter 6 31. Compare and contrast potential and kinetic energy. What type of energy is the chemical energy within the bonds of polymers? 32. Would it be considered catabolic or anabolic if a molecule is broken down? 33. What is ΔG? How is impacted by enzymes? Be able to identify it on a graph. 34. What can the ΔG tell you about a reaction? For example, if the ΔG<0, is the reaction ▪ exergonic or endergonic? ▪ spontaneous or nonspontaneous? ▪ Do the products or the reactants have more energy? 35. What is activation energy? How is impacted by enzymes? Be able to identify it on a graph. 36. The diagram below shows an enzymatic reaction. Label the following things: o o o o o o Enzyme Active site Substrate Reactant(s) Product(s) An allosteric location 37. Redox reactions can be summarized with the acronym OIL RIG. What does OIL RIG stand for, and what object is being gained or lost? 38. Be able to determine which molecule was reduced/oxidized if shown a diagram of a reaction. Chapter 7 39. Write the basic equation for cellular respiration. o What are the reactants and products? o What is the source of the reactants? o Where do the products go? 40. Fill out the table: Stage Main purpose Aerobic/Anaerobic Product(s)/ Byproduct(s) Location Glycolysis Pyruvate Breakdown The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation 41. Which stage of cellular respiration generates the most ATP? 42. What is the source of the electron carriers that feed into the electron transport chain? 43. Which enzyme is responsible for ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis? 44. What is the main purpose of fermentation? When does it occur? Chapter 8 45. What types of organisms perform photosynthesis? 46. Write the basic equation for photosynthesis. o What are the reactants and products? o What is the source of the reactants? o Where do the products go? Chapter 11 47. Use Chargaff’s rules to answer this question: if an organism’s DNA is found to have 28% Thymine, what are the percentages of Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine? 48. What is the DNA monomer? Be able to label its components in a diagram including the 1’ to 5’ carbons on the deoxyribose sugar. 49. What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA double helix together? 50. What type of bond is found in the sugar-phosphate backbone of a single DNA strand? 51. What does it mean for DNA to be antiparallel? 52. Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative? 53. If you are given the sequence and polarity of a template DNA strand, you should be able to determine the sequence and polarity of the new strand. 54. Label the following structures in the figure of DNA Replication and describe them/their functions: o Helicase o Lagging Strand o Leading Strand o Ligase o Okazaki Fragment o RNA primer