Gross Anatomy Samplex Answer Key

GROSS ANATOMY SAMPLEX [ First Preliminary Examination] FIRST PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 1. What is the primary structural unit of compact bone? A. B. C. D. Osteon Trabecula Chondrocyte Sarcomere Correct Answer: A. Osteon 2. A surgeon planning a procedure to access the heart through the sternum must consider which plane to avoid damaging underlying structures such as major blood vessels. A. B. C. D. Coronal plane Midsagittal plane Transverse plane Parasagittal plane Correct Answer: B. Midsagittal plane 3. In assessing a patient with osteoporosis, understanding the structure of an osteon is crucial. Which of the following BEST describes the role of the central canal in the osteon? A. It houses osteocytes. B. It contains blood vessels and nerves. C. It stores calcium and phosphate. D. It provides attachment for ligaments. Correct Answer: B. It contains blood vessels and nerves. 4. The main use of anatomical planes is to describe: A. B. C. D. Movement Section Distance Measurement Correct Answer: B. Section 5. Cross sections are slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts. Because the long axis of the foot runs horizontally, a transverse section of the foot lies in what plane? A. B. C. D. Median Sagittal Frontal Axial Correct Answer: C. Frontal 6. Which of the following is syndesmosis? A. B. C. D. Sutures Gomphoses Proximal radioulnar joint Distal tibiofibular joint Correct Answer: D. Distal tibiofibular joint 7. The only bone in the body that does NOT articulate directly with any other bone is the: A. B. C. D. Hyoid Patella Sternum Mandible Correct Answer: A. Hyoid 8. Which bone forms the forehead? A. B. C. D. Parietal Temporal Frontal Occipital Correct Answer: C. Frontal 9. Which of the following is a surface landmark? A. B. C. D. Groove Plane Macule Excoriation Correct Answer: A. Groove 10. What is the least common type of bone according to shape? A. B. C. D. Long Irregular Sesamoid Flat Correct Answer: C. Sesamoid 11. Which of the following bones is found in the lower limb? A. B. C. D. Ulna Lunate Navicular Metacarpal Correct Answer: C. Navicular 12. In an accident where a patient sustains a blow to the anterior pelvis, which structure is most likely to be compromised, and what would be the potential consequence? A. Acetabulum; dislocation of the hip joint B. Pubic symphysis; instability of the pelvic girdle C. Ilium; impaired attachment of abdominal muscles D. Ischium; weakened support while sitting Correct Answer: B. Pubic symphysis; instability of the pelvic girdle 13. A forensic analysis of skeletal remains reveals a small, rounded bone embedded within a tendon near the knee joint. Which type of bone is this, and what is its functional significance? A. Sesamoid bone; increases the mechanical advantage of tendons B. Flat bone; provides protection and surface for muscle attachment C. Irregular bone; supports the body's weight and dissipates force D. Short bone; facilitates fine motor movements 18. In reconstructive surgery for a damaged shoulder joint, which specific feature of the synovial joint must be carefully restored to ensure proper mobility and prevent future dislocations? A. B. C. D. Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint capsule Labrum Correct Answer: D. Labrum 19. A patient presents with a "locked" knee, likely due to damage in which specific structure. What is the biomechanical role of this structure in joint function? Correct Answer: A. Sesamoid bone; increases the mechanical advantage of tendons A. Anterior cruciate ligament; prevents anterior translation of the tibia B. Meniscus; distributes weight and absorbs shock C. Patellar tendon; facilitates extension of the knee D. Fibular collateral ligament; stabilizes the outer knee 14. Which type of synovial joint permits rotation around a single axis? Correct Answer: B. Meniscus; distributes weight and absorbs shock A. B. C. D. Ginglymus Enarthrosis Trochoid Condyloid Correct Answer: C. Trochoid 15. The articulation between the metacarpal of the thumb and the trapezium is a: A. B. C. D. Hinge joint Pivot joint Saddle joint Condyloid joint Correct Answer: C. Saddle joint 16. Which synovial joint permits the most movement on several axes? A. B. C. D. Trochoid Ellipsoid Enarthroses Ginglymus Correct Answer: C. Enarthroses 17. Which of the following structures reduces friction in a synovial joint? A. B. C. D. Synovial fluid Meniscus Ligament Periosteum Correct Answer: A. Synovial Fluid 20. During a hand injury assessment, the practitioner notes difficulty in thumb opposition. Which synovial joint is most likely affected, and what is the significance of this movement? A. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; essential for grasping B. Metacarpophalangeal joint; allows flexion and extension of fingers C. Interphalangeal joint; critical for finger dexterity D. Radiocarpal joint; supports wrist flexion Correct Answer: A. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; essential for grasping 21. If a patient has difficulty rotating their forearm, which synovial joint is most likely impaired, and what functional activity would this limitation affect? A. Humeroulnar joint; difficulty with elbow extension B. Radioulnar joint; impaired ability to turn a doorknob C. Glenohumeral joint; restricted shoulder abduction D. Carpometacarpal joint; reduced thumb opposition Correct Answer: C. Glenohumeral joint; restricted shoulder abduction 22. The teres minor muscle is named according to ______. A. Size B. Shape C. Position D. Attachment contraction pathway is most likely compromised, leading to progressive muscle weakness? Correct Answer: B. Shape 23. The sternocleidomastoid according to _______. A. B. C. D. muscle is named Position Action Shape Attachment Correct Answer: D. Attachment 24. You wanted to have big biceps, so you decided to go to the gym and perform some exercises directed towards the biceps like the biceps curls (elbow flexion with dumbbells). What type of muscle contraction is observed? A. B. C. D. Concentric Eccentric Isometric Tonic Correct Answer: A. Concentric 25. In skeletal muscles, the group of fibers/fiber bundles is invested by which layer? A. B. C. D. Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium Paretenon Correct Answer: C. Perimysium 26. Which type of muscle fiber is MOST resistant to fatigue? A. B. C. D. Type Type Type Type I (slow-twitch) IIa (fast-twitch oxidative) IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic) IIx Correct Answer: A. Type I (slow-twitch) 27. Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates the concept of muscle recruitment? A. The activation of additional motor units to lift a progressively heavier object B. The simultaneous contraction of all muscle fibers within a muscle C. The repeated stimulation of a muscle to maintain contraction D. The lengthening of muscle fibers under tension Correct Answer: A. The activation of additional motor units to lift a progressively heavier object 28. In a patient with muscular dystrophy, which molecular component of the skeletal muscle A. B. C. D. Troponin Myosin Dystrophin Actin Correct Answer: C. Dystrophin 29. Which type of muscle fibers would be most actively engaged during a high-intensity workout, and what metabolic pathway would they predominantly rely on? A. B. C. D. Type Type Type Type I fibers, oxidative phosphorylation IIa fibers, aerobic glycolysis IIb fibers, anaerobic glycolysis I fibers, creatine phosphate system Correct Answer: C. Type IIb fibers, anaerobic glycolysis 30. A muscle biopsy reveals a predominance of type I muscle fibers. Based on this finding, which of the following activities is the individual most likely trained in? A. B. C. D. Powerlifting Sprinting Marathon running Bodybuilding Correct Answer: C. Marathon running 31. A drug that selectively inhibits the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would most likely have which of the following effects on skeletal muscle? A. B. C. D. Inhibition of muscle contraction Enhancement of muscle contraction No effect on muscle contraction Prolonged muscle contraction Correct Answer: contraction A. Inhibition of muscle 32. The head of the humerus articulates with which part of the scapula? A. B. C. D. Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine of the scapula Correct Answer: C. Glenoid cavity 33. Which of the following is a feature of the humerus? A. B. C. D. Deltoid tuberosity Greater tubercle Olecranon fossa All of the above Correct Answer: D. All of the above 34. The clavicle articulates laterally with the: a. b. c. d. Sternum Acromion of the scapula Coracoid process of the scapula First rib Correct Answer: B. Acromion of the scapula 35. Which bone forms the superior part of the shoulder joint? A. B. C. D. 36. Where is the acromion process of the scapula found? Posteriorly Anteriorly Lateral border Medial border 37. Which of the rotator cuff muscles inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus? Teres minor Supraspinatus Subscapularis Infraspinatus Correct Answer: C. Subscapularis 38. Which angle of the spine marks the level of the 7th rib and spine of the 7th thoracic vertebrae? A. B. C. D. Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Correct Answer: B. Inferior 39. This important structure passes below the Superior Transverse Scapular ligament. A. B. C. D. Suprascapular artery Dorsal scapular nerve Posterior circumflex humeral artery Suprascapular nerve Correct Answer: D. Suprascapular nerve 40. What structure quadrangular space? A. B. C. D. 42. A patient presents with a dislocated shoulder where the head of the humerus is displaced anteriorly. Which anatomical structure of the scapula is most likely to have failed in providing adequate support? A. Acromion B. Glenoid labrum C. Coracoid process D. Spine of the scapula Correct Answer: B. Glenoid labrum Correct Answer: A. Posteriorly A. B. C. D. 41. Given the unique articulation between the clavicle and the sternum, which type of synovial joint is formed, and what is the primary movement allowed by this joint? A. Hinge joint, flexion and extension B. Saddle joint, biaxial movement C. Ball-and-socket joint, rotational movement D. Plane joint, gliding movement Correct Answer: B. Saddle joint, biaxial movement Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Correct Answer: A. Scapula A. B. C. D. Correct Answer: A. Surgical neck of humerus is the lateral border of the Surgical neck of humerus Long head of the triceps brachii Anatomical neck of humerus Medial head of the triceps brachii 43. In cases of shoulder impingement syndrome, the tendon of which muscle is most frequently compressed, and how does this impact shoulder movement? A. Supraspinatus, limited abduction B. Infraspinatus, limited external rotation C. Subscapularis, limited internal rotation D. Teres minor, limited adduction Correct Answer: abduction A. Supraspinatus, limited 44. Which muscle/s originate/s from the coracoid process of the scapula? A. Brachialis B. Pectoralis major C. Short head of the biceps brachii D. All of the above Correct Answer: C. Short head of the biceps brachii 45. What is the prime mover of elbow flexion? A. Brachialis B. Brachioradialis C. Long head Biceps brachii D. Short head Biceps brachii Correct Answer: A. Brachialis 46. The long head of the triceps brachii originates from which part of the scapula? A. Supraglenoid tubercle B. Infraglenoid tubercle C. Coracoid process D. Spine of the scapula Correct Answer: B. Infraglenoid tubercle