Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory System Assignment

Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology Respiratory System 1) Respiration is A) breathing. B) making ATP. C) the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells. D) circulating blood to tissues. 2) Which of the following lists all of the events that occur with respiration? A) Inhaling and exhaling B) Ventilation, external and internal respiration, and cellular respiration C) Inflating and deflating alveoli D) Delivering carbon dioxide to cells and removing oxygen from cells 3) Which of the following describes the process of breathing? A) Delivery of oxygen to cells B) Forcible movement of oxygen molecules into the bloodstream C) Delivery of carbon dioxide to cells D) Movement of air into and out of lungs 4) Which of the following bones does not house a sinus? A) Maxillary B) Frontal C) Sphenoid D) Zygomatic 5) Which of these laryngeal cartilages is unpaired? A) Cricoid B) Arytenoid C) Corniculate D) Cuneiform 6) You are singing a song at karaoke and reach a part that requires a high pitch. To hit the high notes, you A) change the force of the air passing over the vocal cords. B) increase the tension on your vocal cords. C) change the size of the laryngeal cartilages. D) change the shape of the laryngeal cartilages. 7) You are singing a song at karaoke and reach a part that requires a louder, more intense sound. To increase your voice's volume, you A) change the force of the air passing over the vocal cords. B) increase the tension on your vocal cords. C) change the size of the laryngeal cartilages. D) change the shape of the laryngeal cartilages. 8) Arielle is an 8-year-old with cystic fibrosis. For 30 minutes each morning and evening, a parent holds her body in various positions and massages and kneads the areas over her lungs to dislodge the abundant, sticky mucus, which Arielle spits into a jar. She also takes medication that thins the mucus. If she didn't take these measures, the mucus in her lungs would most likely increase her risk of A) cancer. B) emphysema. C) infection. D) asthma. 9) The vocal cords are in the A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) trachea. D) oral cavity. 10) Which of the following is not a function of the mucus-lined nasal passages? A) Warming inspired air B) Moistening inspired air C) Entrapping small particles D) Cooling exhaled air 11) The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the A) force of air passing over the vocal cords. B) tension on the vocal cords. C) size of the laryngeal cartilage. D) shape of the laryngeal cartilage. 12) A flashlight placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room illuminates the A) frontal sinus. B) maxillary sinus. C) sphenoid sinus. D) ethmoid sinus. 13) Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may A) obstruct the esophagus. B) obstruct the airway. C) press on the thyroid gland. D) cause inner ear infection. 14) Laryngitis occurs when the larynx becomes irritated and inflamed from an infection, acid reflux, or strenuous use of the vocal cords. Which of the following symptoms would you directly associate with having laryngitis, considering the structures affected? A) Swollen tongue B) Runny nose C) Loss of voice or a quiet, raspy voice D) Chest pain 15) The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called A) bronchoscopy. B) tracheostomy. C) tracheotomy. D) laryngectomy. 16) The pharynx functions as a ________, whereas the larynx functions as a ________. A) common passage for air and food; passageway for food only B) passageway for air only; passageway for air and food C) common passageway for air and food; passageway for air only D) passageway for food only, passageway for air and food 17) Which statement describes the trachea? A) It is lined with simple squamous epithelium. B) It is comprised of 20 C-shaped cartilage rings. C) It is a passageway for food and for air. D) It contains no air-filtering mechanisms. 18) As the respiratory tube branches become smaller in diameter, A) they have increased cartilage. B) they have increased muscle fibers. C) the epithelial lining changes to connective tissue. D) the epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium. 19) The right lung has ________ lobes; the left lung has ________ lobes. A) superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior B) superior and inferior; superior, middle and inferior C) anterior, posterior, and lateral; superior and inferior D) superior, middle, and inferior; anterior and posterior 20) The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the A) diaphragm. B) external intercostal muscles. C) abdominal wall muscles. D) atmospheric pressure. 21) The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the A) diaphragm. B) external intercostal muscles. C) elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension. D) contraction of smooth muscles in air passages. 22) The volume of air that enters the lungs during forced maximal inspiration is the A) inspiratory reserve volume. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) vital capacity. D) tidal volume. 23) Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume? A) Expiratory reserve volume B) Inspiratory reserve volume C) Vital capacity D) Tidal volume 24) You have just jumped into the ocean after your boat began to sink. Luckily, you found an air tank before you jumped. Unluckily, the air tank has been used. The gauge says there is now exactly 30,000mL of air left in the tank. Fortunately, you know how to meditate and you've calmed yourself to the point where you are only taking normal, resting breaths. How many times can you inspire at this normal volume before the tank runs out? A) 27 times B) 6 and a half times C) 60 times D) 10 times 25) You have just jumped into the ocean after your boat began to sink. Luckily, you found an air tank before you jumped. Unluckily, the air tank has been used. The gauge says there is now exactly 30,000mL of air left in the tank. In a panic, you take in the full inspiratory reserve volume each time you inhale. How many times can you inspire at this panicked volume before the tank runs out? A) 27 times B) 6 and a half times C) 60 times D) 10 times 26) Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns is caused by A) lack of surfactant. B) lack of a respiratory membrane. C) low oxygen concentration. D) high oxygen concentration. 27) What would you expect to happen to blood gas content if breathing rate did not increase with physical exercise? A) No change to blood gas content B) Low concentration of CO2 in the blood C) High concentration of O2 in the blood D) High concentration of CO2 in the blood 28) The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by A) loose connective tissue. B) dense connective tissue. C) a thin film of serous fluid. D) surfactant. 29) Air entering the potential space of the pleural cavity is called A) pneumonia. B) pneumothorax. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) internal respiration. 30) A respiratory specialist is giving a simple spirometer test to observe the different respiratory volumes of a patient. Which of the following won't be observable with this particular test? A) Tidal volume B) Vital capacity C) Residual volume D) Expiratory reserve volume 31) The volume of air that enters (or leaves) during a single respiratory cycle is the A) inspiratory reserve volume. B) vital capacity. C) tidal volume. D) expiratory reserve volume. 32) The first event in inspiration is A) the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract. B) atmospheric pressure forces air into the respiratory tract. C) decreased intra-alveolar pressure. D) lung inflation. 33) The first event in expiration is A) inter-alveolar pressure increases. B) elastic tissues of the lungs, thoracic cage, and abdominal organs recoil. C) air is squeezed out of the lungs. D) the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax. 34) The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as A) Dalton's law. B) Newton's law. C) Boyle's law. D) Starlings's law. 35) A sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed is a A) yawn. B) laugh. C) sneeze. D) hiccup. 36) The respiratory control areas are in the A) cerebral cortex. B) pons and medulla oblongata. C) alveoli. D) hypothalamus and hippocampus. 37) Cathy develops a tumor in her brainstem that puts pressure on the respiratory centers. Her doctor notices that control of her diaphragm is abnormal and irregular movements occur during inspiration. Responses to sensory input are delayed and abnormal. Which specific respiratory center must be receiving pressure from the tumor? A) The dorsal respiratory group B) The ventral respiratory group C) The pontine respiratory group D) The diencephalon 38) "I'm going to hold my breath until I die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was physically unable to carry out her threat because A) she never stopped talking long enough to try to hold her breath. B) increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. C) decreased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and increased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. D) she could not take in enough oxygen. 39) Baby Timothy suffers from apnea and is hooked up to a monitor to warn his parents when he stops breathing. Timothy's dad snores very loudly. Timothy's condition differs from his father's in that infant apnea is A) due to airway obstruction. B) a result of decreased surfactant. C) a central problem of respiratory control. D) treated by strapping a device onto the nose at night. 40) The ventral part of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve is the location of A) baroreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) central chemoreceptors. D) peripheral chemoreceptors. 41) Which of the following factors does not directly affect breathing rate? A) Partial pressure of oxygen in body fluids B) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in body fluids C) Degree of lung tissue stretch D) Size of residual volume 42) Pneumothorax is a condition in which air separates the visceral and parietal pleura in the chest, resulting in a collapsed lung. Having pneumothorax would lower the ________ of the lung. A) intrapleural pressure B) surfactant production C) serous fluid content D) compliance 43) Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory areas resulting in A) increased respiratory rate. B) decreased respiratory rate. C) respiratory collapse. D) passive exhalation. 44) The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ________ of normal. A) 33% B) 50% C) 67% D) 80% 45) The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After a few seconds, the PO2 in your alveoli rapidly drops to 60 mmHg instead of the normal 104 mmHg. How will this affect blood gas concentrations? A) PO2 in the alveoli will be so low that oxygen will diffuse from hemoglobin into the alveoli, where it is exhaled. This causes blood oxygen concentrations to drop throughout the body. B) Blood PCO2 will increase because the air contains less oxygen. C) Blood PO2 will become low and much less oxygen will be delivered to tissues until cabin pressure returns. D) PO2 in the alveoli will be too low for gas exchange to even occur, so tissues will receive no oxygen during the depressurization event. 46) The airplane you are riding suddenly depressurizes at 10,000 feet in the air. This causes the PO2 of the airplane's air to drastically decrease. You pass out before you can put on your oxygen mask. After being exposed to these pressure conditions for a time, PO2 of the blood after oxygenation is only 60 mmHg. How saturated will hemoglobin be in these conditions (if the temperature remains around 38 degrees C)? A) About 60% saturated B) About 85% saturated C) About 90% saturated D) About 100% saturated 47) Oxygen plays a minor role in control of normal respiration because A) oxygenated blood is < 95% saturated. B) deoxygenated venous blood is < 5% saturated. C) oxygenated blood is more sensitive to CO2. D) deoxygenated venous blood is 75% saturated. 48) Which of the following has an effect on the pH of blood? A) Oxygen B) Phosphate C) Carbon dioxide D) Nitrogen 49) The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of A) carbon dioxide. B) hydrogen ions. C) oxygen. D) bicarbonate ions. 50) Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to A) increase the rate and decrease the depth of breathing. B) increase the rate and depth of breathing. C) decrease the rate and increase the depth of breathing. D) decrease the rate and depth of breathing. 51) Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a(n) A) decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a drop in pH. B) decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH. C) increase in blood CO2 concentration and a drop in pH. D) increase in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH. 52) Max works out about an hour every day using aerobic machines at a gym. During his moderate physical exercise, blood concentrations of A) oxygen and carbon dioxide increase. B) oxygen and carbon dioxide remain nearly unchanged. C) oxygen decrease and carbon dioxide increase. D) oxygen increase and carbon dioxide decrease. 53) Increased blood concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a(n) ________ in levels of hydrogen ions, with both causing similar effects upon the respiratory areas. A) increase B) decrease 54) The walls of the alveoli are composed of A) ciliated columnar epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) areolar connective tissue. 55) The respiratory membrane consists of A) a single thickness of epithelial cells. B) a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. C) two thicknesses of epithelial cells. D) two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes. 56) Alveoli are kept clean by the action of A) surfactant. B) antibodies. C) macrophages. D) platelets. 57) An experimental treatment cultures stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord. In a lab dish, the stem cells give rise to type II cells, which in turn give rise to more type I cells. These stem cells will be added to the extracellular matrix of a donated lung which has been stripped of its respiratory cells. How will the cells act after they grow in the donated lung? A) The type I cells will secrete surfactant and the type II cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. B) The type II cells will secrete surfactant and the type I cells will form the respiratory membrane in the alveoli. C) Both type I and type II cells will produce surfactant. D) The stem cells will directly replace alveoli. 58) Police stop a very drunk Richard for driving erratically at 3 AM and give him a breathalyzer test, which he fails miserably. Why does he fail so badly? A) The thinness of his respiratory membranes allows volatile alcohol molecules to enter the alveoli and become detectable by the machine. B) The thickness of his respiratory membranes prevent alcohol from evaporating out of his blood. C) His alveoli are in excellent condition. D) Excess surfactant has been secreted in response to alcohol. 59) The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when A) carbon dioxide concentration decreases. B) carbon dioxide concentration increases. C) temperature decreases. D) blood becomes more alkaline. 60) The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes what reaction? A) Carbon dioxide reaction with water B) Carbon dioxide reaction with bicarbonate ions C) Water reaction with bicarbonate ions D) Water reaction with hydrogen ions 61) Which of the following proteins transports some carbon dioxide in the blood? A) Hemoglobin B) Carbonic anhydrase C) Heme D) Albumin 62) What is globin? A) Another term for alveolus B) A form of fat that carries oxygen in the blood C) A form of surfactant D) The protein part of hemoglobin 63) What is chloride shift? A) An exchange that maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma B) Movement of chloride across the respiratory membranes, decreasing oxygen delivery to tissues C) The type of reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase D) Movement of chloride into cerebrospinal fluid, allowing its interaction with peripheral chemoreceptors 64) A mother and two young children are found passed out in their apartment, where a space heater is on. Emergency medical technicians suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, so they give the patients A) nitrogen and carbon dioxide. B) highly concentrated oxygen and some carbon dioxide. C) surfactant. D) blood transfusions. 65) Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging include A) thinning mucus. B) thickening of the alveolar walls. C) overactive cilia, causing frequent coughing. D) slowed swallowing reflex. 66) Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause or increase risk of A) high altitude sickness and sleep apnea. B) heart disease, lung cancer, and low birth weight. C) pneumonia and tuberculosis. D) sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and vasculitis 67) Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to begin in A) epithelial cells. B) smooth muscle cells. C) dense connective tissue cells. D) hyaline cartilage cells. 68) Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections because A) they congregate in small areas to smoke. B) their respiratory passages overproduce cilia, to which bacteria cling. C) their respiratory passages lose cilia, which would otherwise remove bacteria. D) the respiratory passages have too little mucus. 69) Which of the following occur with emphysema? A) The walls of the alveoli degenerate, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange. B) Cells in the bronchial lining divide too fast, causing increased thickness of the bronchial lining. C) Tar from cigarettes blackens alveoli. D) Membranes form within alveoli, increasing surface area. 70) In October 2001 at the site of the World Trade Center in New York City, fires were still burning from the terrorist attacks that had brought down the buildings. The greatest danger to the respiratory system was A) the odor. B) very small particles of debris. C) very large particles of debris. D) falling material from damaged buildings. 71) Bronchial asthma is usually associated with A) an injury to the respiratory areas. B) coalescing alveoli. C) an allergy. D) paralysis of breathing muscles. 72) During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to A) exhale. B) inhale. C) contract the respiratory muscles. D) expand the lungs. 73) Emphysema results in A) constriction of the bronchioles. B) cancer of the lung. C) decreased number of respiratory capillaries. D) backflow of capillary fluids into the alveoli. 74) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increase of breathing rate during exercise? A) Signals from cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles are also sent to the respiratory areas B) Stimulation of the respiratory areas by decreasing blood concentration of oxygen and increasing blood concentration of carbon dioxide C) A joint reflex D) Stimulation of the respiratory areas by sensory impulses from proprioceptors 75) The hypoxia associated with high altitude can cause A) vasodilation of the major arterial blood vessels. B) vasoconstriction of the pulmonary blood vessels. C) vasoconstriction of the coronary blood vessels. D) vasodilation of the major venous blood vessels. 76) At high altitudes, when capillary pressure becomes too high, A) fluid filters out of the blood and collects in the alveoli (pulmonary edema). B) blood pressure decreases. C) breathing and heart rates decrease. D) blood pH increases to pathologic levels. 77) Atelectasis is A) a collapsed bronchial tube. B) a deviated septum. C) a collapsed lung. D) a shrunken liver. 78) In tuberculosis A) an obstruction blocks airflow to alveoli, which collapse, deflating part or all of a lung. B) a viral infection increases fluid in the lung. C) alveoli collapse after near-drowning. D) fibrous connective tissue forms around the sites of bacterial infection. 79) Pneumonia can be caused by A) bacteria, viruses, or fungi. B) viruses only. C) fungi only. D) bacteria only. 80) Another word for breathing is ventilation. 81) Cellular respiration enables cells to harness the energy from oxygen. 82) The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax. 83) The pharynx is an enlargement at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal cords. 84) The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. 85) The left lung is larger than the right lung and is divided into three lobes. 86) The pectoralis minor muscles and the sternocleidomastoid muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration. 87) The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration. 88) A sudden contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed produces a sneeze. 89) Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide. 90) Gas exchange occurs across alveolar pores. 91) Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. 92) The greatest amount of carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of dissolved carbon dioxide. 93) Oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions and is bound to hemoglobin. 94) Carbon monoxide is toxic because it destroys respiratory areas in the brain. 95) Coughing reflexes become faster with age. 96) The bronchus and blood vessels enter a lung through the ________. 97) The nasal conchae create passageways in the nasal cavity called ________. 98) The cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing is the ________. 99) One day, Julien is stung by a bee while he is outside and experiences anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction). His throat swells shut and he begins to suffocate. Luckily, a doctor finds Julien, recognizes that he cannot breathe, and decides to perform an emergency surgery that will allow him to breathe even though his throat is closed. The doctor performs a ________. 100) The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called the ________. 101) The ease with which the lungs can be expanded during breathing is called ________. 102) The respiratory areas are in the medulla oblongata and the ________ of the brainstem. 103) A person having an anxiety attack breathes very rapidly. After a minute, their blood CO2 concentration appears to have lowered and they become very dazed. Their altered breathing pattern is called ________. 104) In a mixture of gases, each gas creates a pressure called its ________. 105) The cells of an alveolus that secrete surfactant are type ________. 106) When carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ________ forms. 107) One of the causes of the cancer mesothelioma is excessive lung irritation and damage by asbestos. The asbestos, once it has entered the lungs, can puncture and progressively move through the lung until it reaches the serous membrane covering the lung, known as the ________.